Bio Unit 3 Test

Question 1

Exergonic reaction

Answer 1

A reaction that has a net release of free energy and is spontaneous
(Ex. Cellular respiration)

Question 2

Endergonic reaction

Answer 2

A reaction that absorbs free energy from its surroundings and is non spontaneous
(Ex. Photosybthesis)

Question 3

First law of thermodynamics

Answer 3

-Energy of the universe is constant,
-energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can be transformed and transferred
-Energy flows, matter is recycled

Question 4

The second law of thermodynamics

Answer 4

-Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe
-Entropy is a measure of molecular disorder

Question 5

Biological order and disorder

Answer 5

-Organisms create ordered structures from less organized forms of energy and matter
-basically it takes energy to clean your room

Question 6

Glycolysis

Answer 6

• anaerobic (does not require oxygen)
  -takes place in cytoplasm of the cell
  -results in 2ATP, 2 Pyruvate, 2 NADH

Question 7

Link

Answer 7

-aerobic
-takes place in the matrix
-converts pyruvate to Acetyl Co-A
-results in 2 CO2, 2 NADH

Question 8

Krebs Cycle

Answer 8

-aerobic
-takes place in the matrix
-results in 4 CO2, 2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 FADH

Question 9

ETC (electron transport chain)

Answer 9

• aerobic
  -takes place across the folded membrane of the matrix called the cristae
  -results in 28 ATP

Question 10

What is the final electron accepter in ETC in cellular respiration?

Answer 10

-Oxygen

Question 11

What is the final electron accepter in ETC in photosynthesis?

Answer 11

-NADP+, which becomes NADPH once its accepted that electron

Question 12

What is the difference between NAD+ and NADP+

Answer 12

NAD+ is used in cellular respiration, while NADP+ is used in photosynthesis

Question 13

How are protons pumped in cellular respiration vrs. photosynthesis?

Answer 13

-In PHOTOSYNTHESIS, protons are pumped INTO the thylakoid, and flow OUT of the ATP synthase
-In CELLULAR RESPIRATION, protons are pumped OUT of the matrix and flow INTO the ATP Synthase

Question 14

What makes up ATP?

Answer 14

Adenosine Triphosphate, its made of the purine base Adenine, ribose (sugar), and three phosphate groups linked together making the triphosphate

Question 15

How does ATP supply energy to power metabolic reactions?

Answer 15

ATP powers cellular processes by transferring a phosphate group to another molecule (phosphorylation)

Question 16

Does the increase of protons lead to a more acidic or basic solution?

Answer 16

More protons result in pH levels below 7, which are more acidic, while more OH- will result in pH levels above 7, making it more basic

Question 17

What is feedback inhibition in enzymes?

Answer 17

Feedback inhibition is when the reaction’s end product inhibits or controls the enzyme’s function that helped make it

Question 18

What is an example of feedback inhibition in enzymes?

Answer 18

When an enzymes product becomes an allostatic inhibitor–binding to a non-active sight of the enzyme and rendering it unable to bind to substrates

Question 19

How does feedback inhibition help achieve efficiency?

Answer 19

When too much or too little of a product is made, the enzyme can tell through feedback inhibition about wether to make more or stop making products
(ex. Krebs cycle is regulated with feedback inhibition in regards to concentration of ATP and NADH)

Question 20

What does metabolic efficiency mean?

Answer 20

-To prevent energy from being wasted, metabolic pathways are tightly controlled, so if a product isn’t needed, the pathway will shut down to conserve energy
-Metabolic pathways are also localized in specific organelles so that the collected components of the pathway are more easily regulated

Question 21

What is the difference between cyclic phosphorylation and non-cyclic phosphorylation?

Answer 21

cyclic phosphorylation doesn’t use electrons, and instead cycles the electrons through a pathway

Question 22

What does the rate of the light independent reaction rely on?

Answer 22

Availability of carbon dioxide

Question 23

What are the three phases of the Calvin cycle?

Answer 23

Carbon Fixation, Reduction, and Regeneration

Question 24

What occurs in the Carbon fixation phase of the Calvin cycle?

Answer 24

The enzyme RuBisCo joins 3 CO2 from the atmosphere with 3 RuBP (Ribulose Bisphosphate) to make 6 3-PGA

Question 25

What occurs during the Reduction phase of the Calvin cycle?

Answer 25

-6 ATP and 6 NADPH (the energy generated from the light dependent reaction) is used to make the 6 molecules of 3-PGA to into 6 molecules of G3P (glycerate 3-phosphate)
-1 of those G3P molecules leaves cycle to make other organic molecules

Question 26

What occurs during the Regeneration phase of the Calvin cycle

Answer 26

-5 G3Ps combine with 3 ATP to form 3RuBP, regenerating the RuBP used up earlier, and starting the cycle over again

Question 27

G3P (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate) can be used by plants to make:

Answer 27

Sucrose and Starch

Question 28

What are photo stems 1 and 2 responsible for?

Answer 28

-are embedded in the thylakoid membranes
-a part of photophosphorylation
-pass electrons through an electron transport chain

Question 29

In photophosphorylation, what happens as a result of electrons passing through an electron transport chain?

Answer 29

-hydrogen ions (protons) allowed across membrane
-forms a proton gradient that powers process of ATP synthesis