Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BIO 101 > Bio Unit 4 > Flashcards

Bio Unit 4 Flashcards

(109 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Apoptosis

A

Uses Signals from checkpoint to commit programmed cell death; form apoptotic bodies cell shrinks with no inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Necrosis

A

Accidental cell death; cell swells and ruptures releasing molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

G1 Phase

A

cell growth- allows for rest period before S phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

S phase

A

DNA Synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

G2 Phase

A

DNA Repair and Growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

MPF

A

M phase promoting factor- CDK(kinase) binds to cyclin making it inactive but it begins to accumulate- CDK phosprylated at 2 sites inhibiting it- CDK dephosphorlated at inhibitory site creating active complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Interphase

A

growth and metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Prophase

A

chromosomes decondense and spindle apparats forms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Prometaphase

A

nuclear envelope breaks down and spindles connect to centromeres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Metaphase

A

chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell along the metaphase plate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Anaphase

A

Tension on microtubules pulls chromatids apart to opposite sides of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Telophase

A

Nuclear envelopes reform and chromosome decondenses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Cytokinesis

A

cell splits into two daughter cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

M phase- Mitosis and Cytokinesis

A

Cell division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Kinetochore

A

protein complex associated with the DNA regions where copies of chromosomes are joined

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Centromere

A

where chromosomes connect and spindle fibers attach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Microtubules

A

cytoskeletal component that separates sister chromatids during anaphase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is separated in Meiosis 1?

A

Homologous Chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is separated in Meiosis 2?

A

Sister Chromatids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Proto-oncogenes

A

normal gene that promotes growth and proliferation of health cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Oncogenes

A

mutated gene that drives cancer growth and proliferation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Tumor Supressor

A

prevent division of cancer cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Aneuploidy

A

Cell has abnormal number of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Crossing over

A

homologous chromosomes come together and exchange parts of themselves- creates diversity by making unique chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
independent assortment
chromosomes randomly align and split into separate daughter cells so that they receive a random assortment of chromosomes from parents
26
random fertilization
alleles combine randomly
27
Growth Factor Checkpoint
signaling molecules to near by cells to grow
28
Ras
growth factor bunds and turns on cyclin D and inhibitors
29
E2F/Rb
transition form G1 to S; turn on Cyclin E to drive replication; binds to cage(Rb)
30
E2F
turns on genes for S phase
31
Ras- Growth Factor
Ras turns on Cyk/Cydk--> Phosphorylates Rb--> E2F released --> genes turned on
32
Rb
Acts as cage for E2F; releases E2F Cyk/Cdk phosphorylates it
33
P53
"Guardian of Genome"; take signals and transfers into cellular action; fix or die(self destruct)
34
Most commonly mutated in cancer cells...
P53
35
How does P53 work
turned on by DNA damage--> phosphorylation--> drives expression of Cdk/Cfk inhibitor --> prevents cell cycle-->MDM2 binds and destroys P53
36
Diploid
2 sets of chromosome
37
Haploid
1 set of chromosome
38
Ploidy
number of complete chromosome sets
39
polyploidy
many sets of chromosomes
40
autosomal chromosome
non sex chromosome
41
sex chromosome
produce sex/gender
42
karyotype
appearance of condensed chromosome; help determine abnormalities
43
homologous chromosome
same size/shape but not identical
44
non-homologous
not the same size/shape
45
sister chromatid
identical with the same alleles
46
gene
segment of DNA on chromosome that influences trait
47
allele
certain version of a gene
48
nondisjunction
chromosomes don't split; one cell has to many chromosomes; worse in Meiosis 1
49
disjunction
chromosomes accurately seperate
50
trisomy
extra chromosome
51
monosomy
missing chromosome
52
Trisomy 21
Down syndrome- Autosomal
53
Trisomy 18
Edward Syndrome- Autosomal
54
Trisomy 13
Patau Syndrome- Autosomal
55
Turner Syndrome
monosomy(X,0)
56
Kinefelter Syndrome
XXY- trisomy- often undiagnosed
57
Mosaicism
partial aneuploidy- mitotic errors later in development that don't affect all cells
58
Reasons for Nondisjunction
proteins that hold chromosomes together fail; microtubules don't connect or operate properly
59
purifying selection
eliminate unfavorable mutations
60
changing environment
diversity of genes allow to survive changing enviorment
61
chromosomal theory of inheritance
genes on chromosome and how they move determines genotype
62
blending inheritance
parents traits blend together
63
acquired characters
acquired traits are passed to offspring
64
Why was Mendel lucky?
picked peas
65
polymorphic traits
result from more than one gene/allele
66
true/pure breeding
homozygous for genes
67
monohybrid cross
cross between homozygous but for different alleles
68
Reciprocal Cross
switch which trait came from mom vs dad; disproved
69
Particulate Inheritance
particles(chromosomes) that aren't blended/modified. maintain integrity though generations
70
Principle of segregation
particles must seperate
71
dihybrid cross
mate between true breeding at two alleles
72
sex-linked genes
expressed on X and Y chromosome; phenotype depends on sex bc homologous not identical
73
hemizygous
only carries one; not on y
74
linkage
tendency of genes to be inherited together; close together and stay together during crossing over
75
loci
specific position on chromosome
76
P arm
short arm
77
Q arm
long arm
78
multiple allelism
more than two common alleles of the same gene
79
Complete Dominance
one allele is completely dominant over all others
80
Codominant
two versions of gene/allele are expressed equal; patched
81
Incomplete Dominance
phenotype is a blend of the parents
82
monogenic
one gene; one trait
83
pleiotropic
gene influences multiple traits; causes issues
84
polygenic
multiple genes influence single trait
85
discrete traits
grouped- eye color
86
quantitive trait
fall on continuum- height
87
mode of transmission
inheritance observed as a trait; inheritance influences traits
88
True or False: the M phase checkpoint is actually two checkpoints at the transition between metaphase and anaphase and at the transition between anaphase and telophase.
True
89
The extrinsic apoptosis pathway initiates apoptosis via _______ that initiates a signal cascade that eventually activates caspases.
binding to death receptors
90
Cells that fail the G1 checkpoint may
enter G0 phase or programmed death
91
G0
where cells go if they don't pass G1 checkpoint to rest
92
Sub phases of interphase
G1; S; G2
93
Procaspases are inactive proteolytic enzymes that are activated by cleavage. This type of posttranslational modification is critical because
its irreversible
94
True or False: the nuclear envelope breaks down in metaphase and reforms in telophase.
false
95
The cyclin dependent kinase domain of MPF
phosphorylates mitosis proteins to promote entry into M phase
96
True or False: Cytokinesis is a part of M phase but it is not a part of mitosis.
True
97
True or False: Cells stalled at the G1 checkpoint must choose to proceed through cell cycle, enter into stasis, or enter into programmed cell death.
True
98
Rb is a tumor suppressor that functions by binding and inhibiting E2F until CDK ____.
hyperphosphorlyates Rb and causes it to release E2F
99
Cyclins are a subunit of MPF and
their expression fluctuates throughout the cell cycle
100
Nondisjunction that leads to problems in offspring can occur in
Meoisis 1/2 and mitosis
101
True or False: Crossing over occurs between sister chromatids
False
102
True or False: Sister chromatids are homologous chromosomes.
False
103
Genetic recombination?
the new combination of maternal and paternal chromosome segments that results when homologs cross over
104
True or False: A chiasma forms between two of the four molecules of double-stranded DNA on duplicated homologous chromosomes.
True
105
Chiasma
physical linkage of homologous chromosomes
106
True or False: A testcross is the breeding of an individual that expresses a dominant phenotype but unknown genotype with an individual having only dominant alleles for the gene of interest.
False
107
True or False: Linked genes are always inherited together.
False
108
The alleles found in haploid organisms cannot be dominant or recessive. Why?
because only one alley is present so its always dominant
109
True or false: The farther apart genes are on a chromosome, the more likely there is to be a crossover between these genes during meiosis.
True bc there are more opportunities for recombination

BIO 101 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions