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Biology Final > Bio week 11 & 12 > Flashcards

Bio week 11 & 12 Flashcards

(109 cards)

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1
Q

heart murmurs

A

malfunctioning heart valves which cause abnormal sounds as blood leaks the wrong way through them

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2
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

Superior and Inferior vena cava bring deoxygenated blood into the heart at the right atrium. When the atrial pressure is greater than the ventrical pressure the AV valve oepns and blood flows into the right ventricle. Once the right ventricle fills up, it contracts and the blood flows up the pulmonary artery to the lungs and gets oxygegnated. Oxygenated blood comes through the plumonary vein into left atrium.

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3
Q

superior vena cava

A

carries blood from the shoulders and up into the heart

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4
Q

inferior vena cava

A

carries blood from the part of the body below the heart into the heart

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5
Q

arteries

A

carry blood away from the heart - always oxygenated (except for the pulmonary artery)

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6
Q

veins

A

carry blood to the heart - always deoxygenated (except for the pulmonary vein)

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7
Q

pulmonary artery

A

only artery that carries deoxygenated blood

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8
Q

pulmonary vein

A

only vein that carreis oxygenated blood

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9
Q

systemic sirculation

A

when left atrium is full of blood from the lung via the pulmonary artery it is pumped throught the mitral valve into the left ventricle. From the left ventricle it is pumped through the semi lunar valve into the aorta.

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10
Q

aorta

A

largest artery in the body, travels from heart to abdomen. Above the diaphragm is called thoracic aorta, below the diaphragm called abdominal aorta - branches off to everywhere.

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11
Q

systolic blood pressure

A

a measure of the pressue against the arterial wall of the ventricular contraction and the ventricular relaxation

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12
Q

arterioles

A

contract or relax to regulate the flow of blood to specific parts of the body. have a smooth muscle coating around their walls so they can constrict to push blood up or constict to decrease flow. ie in case of injury

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13
Q

veins

A

collect blood from the capillaries and return it to the heart. pressure in veins is very low.

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14
Q

varicose veins

A

result when the veins contain fulty valves which do not allow the efficient return of lbood to the heart.

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15
Q

capillaries

A

tiny, thin walled tubes that receive blood from arterioles, their function is to assist in the exchange of materials between the blood and cells.

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16
Q

capillary wall

A

consists of a single layer of cells presenting only a thin barrier to the diffusion of materials between the blood and the cells in the surrounding tissue.

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17
Q

lymphatic system

A

collection of lumph organs and vessels that 1) move fat from the intestinal tract to the bloodsteram 2)transport excess tissue fluid bakc to the cardiovascula system 3)defend against harmful agenst sucha as bacteria and viruses

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18
Q

lymph

A

tissue fluid that moves through the lymphatic system

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19
Q

edema

A

a swelling of tissue due to a build up of lymph or increased capillary permeability as result of injury

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20
Q

five types of lymph organs

A

1) lymph nodes 2) tonsils 3) spleen 4) thymus 5) red bone marrow

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21
Q

interstitial fluid

A

the plasma that diffuses through the capillary walls to bath the tissue

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22
Q

lymph nodes

A

small encapsulated bodies found along the lymph vessels containing a large number of white blood cells; macrophages and lymphocytes to remove microorganisms and foreign particles from the lymph

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23
Q

respiratory system

A

organ system that moves air into and out of the body

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24
Q

organs of the respiratory system

A

lungs, trachea, air-transport pathway, diaphragm

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25
lungs
organs that allow gas exchange to take place between the air and blood
26
trachea
single large diameter tube supported by cartilage rings that brings air from the mouth and nose into the lungs via bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli
27
bronchi
two branches of the trachea, one for each lung, supported by cartilage
28
bronchioles
smooth muscle tubes branching of from the bronchi, capable of constricting
29
alveoli
clusters of tiny sacs of the bronchioles where the exchange of gases between the air and blood take place. only one cell thick
30
breathing
process of moving air in and out of the lungs. we absorb oxygen by diffusion, the air coming into our lungs is high in O while the blood entering the lungs is low in O. CO2 diffuses from the blood into the lungs and is expelled via exhale
31
diaphragm
muscular organ that separates the chest cavity form the abdominal cavity. it lowers and raises during breathing
32
intercostal muscles
located between the ribs, aids in inhalation.
33
exhalation
is accomplished by the chest wall and diaphragm simply relaxing and returning to normal positions
34
digestive system
organ system responsible for the processing and distribution of nutrients
35
digestion
consists of mechanical processing, chemical processing and nutrient uptake
36
mechanical processing
chewing to grind food particles into small pieces and increase their surface area and adding water to the food to further disperse the particles and provide the watery environment needed for the chemical processing
37
Saliva
lubricates the oral cavity and helps bind food before swallowing. also contains the enzyme SALIVARY AMYLASE which begins the chemical breakdown of starch.
38
bolus
food you out in your mouth, formed by the tongue and moved to the back of the oral cavity for swallowing
39
epiglottis
flap of issue that covers the opening to the trachea during swallowing preventing food from entering the trachea
40
three tiny bones of the ear
malleus, incus, stapes
41
gastric juice
added to the food in the stomach containing enxymes and hydrochloric acid. has a low, very acid ph of 2
42
pepsin
major enzyme in gastic joice which initiates the chemica lbreakdown of protien
43
chyme
thourohgly mixed liquid in your stomach after digestion
44
duodenum
first part of the small intestine which regulates the release of food from the stomach and the release of secretions from the pancreas and liver
45
pancreas
produces a number of digestive enzymes and secerts large amounst of bicorbonate ions to neutralize the acids that enter from the stomach to make ph of 8
46
bile
secretion from the liver that assists mechanical processing by breaking large fat globules into smaller particles
46
emulsification
the proicess by which the small fat particles broken down by bile is washed away, takes place in the duodenum
47
three types of muscle
skeletal, smooth, cardiac
48
gallbaldder
sores the bile secreted by the liver and releases it into the duodenum
49
large intestine
home to a variety of bacteria some harmful like ecoli, some of which provid additional benefit by producing vitamins, also assists with reabsorption of liquid
50
villi
finger like projections that line the surface of the intestinal track and increase the surface area.
51
microvilli
the surface area of each villi is coverd with microvilli, increasing the surface area even more
52
lacteal
a branch of the lymphatic system which utilizes the massive surface area of the villi of the intestine to efficiently uptak nutrients from the gut to the circulatory system
53
hepatic portal vein
the vein by which NUTRIENT RICH blood flows directly from the small intestine to the liver.
54
negative-feedback inhibition
negative-feedback inhibition, a mechanism in which an increase in the output of a reaction causes a decrease in the stimulus, which eventually causes a decrease in the output
55
positive-feedback regulation
stimulus causes a response that leads to an even stronger stimulus
56
negative and positive feedback control
Negative-feedback control occurs when the response to a stimulus inhibits the stimulus, thus reducing the response. Positive-feedback happens when a response to a stimulus causes an increase in the stimulus which further increases the response.
57
neuron or nerve cell
basic unit of the nervous system
58
nervous system
consists of a network of cells, with fibrous extensions, that carry information along specific pathways from one part of the body to another.
59
soma
the nerve cell body, contains the nucleus
60
two kinds of nerve fibers?
axons and dendrites
61
axon
a nerve fiber that carries information away from the nerve cell body (most nerve cells have one)
62
dendrite
a nerve fiber that carries information to the nerve cell body (most nerve cells have many)
63
central nervous system consists of?
brain and spinal cord
64
spinal cord
is a collection of nerve cells and nerve fibers surrounded by the vertebrae that conveys information to and from the brain
65
peripheral nervous system
is located outside the skull and spinal column; it consists of bundles of long axons and dendrites called nerves.
66
sensory neurons have?
long dendrites that carry input from sense organs to the central nervous system.
67
motor neurons carry?
messages from the central nervous system to muscles and glands.
68
Motor neurons have?
one long axon that runs from the spinal cord to a muscle or gland
69
Polarization of cell membranes
this is how a nerve impulse travels: cell membrane is depolarized allowing the Na+ to flow into the cell through the membrane. This increase in Na+ encourages the next cell to depolarize and the impulse is passed.
70
synapse
the space between the fibers of adjacent neurons in a chain
71
neurotransmitter
a molecule that is released into the synapse from the axon to bind to a specific receptor site on the dendrite. When enough neurotransmitters have bound to the dendrite an impulse is initiated.
72
Three types of neurotransmitters:
dopamine, epinephrine, acetylcholine
73
acetylcholinesterase
an enzyme that destroys acetylcholine and prevents it from occupying receptors
74
synaptic cleft
the space between the axon and the dendrite
75
medulla oblongata
controls fundamental activities such as blood pressure, breathing and heart rate.
76
cerebellum
coordination of muscle activity
77
pons
controls many sensory and mortor function of the sense organs of the head and face
78
thalamus
provides a level of awareness in determining pleasant and unpleasant stimuli and is involved in sleep and arousal
79
hypothalamus
involved in regulating sleep cycles and emotions:anger, fear, pleasure, hunger, sexual response and pain. also water balance, temperature and blood pressure
80
cerebrum
thinking part of the brain; memory, language
81
endocrine glands are
glands that have no ducts. They secret HORMONES into the circulatory system. (endo - dead end)
82
exocrine glands are
digestive and sweat glands that empty their contents through ducts. (exo-exit)
83
Five kinds of taste
sweet sour salt bitter umami
84
olfactory epithelium
the lining of the nasal cavity which responds to smells by binding molecules to specific receptors
85
retina
light-sensitive layer on the back of the eye
86
rods
receptors sensitive to a broad range of wavelengths of light and are responsible for black and white vision. found on the retina. not located in the center (fovea centralis)
87
cones
receptors, less sensitive than rods, but detect different wavelengths, found throughout the retina but concentrated in the fovea centralis. gives us the ability to detect color.
88
fovea centralis
area of most acute vision located in center of retina
90
rhodopsin
pigment found in rods, decomposes when struck by light
90
sound is produced by
vibration of molecules
92
tympanum
ear drum
93
the malleus, incus and stapes vibrate the
oval window
94
the oval window is in the
choclea, which is snail shaped
95
the oval window vibrates the
basilar membrane and hair cells
96
the basilar membrane vibrates
hair cells
97
attached to the cochlea and responsible for balance
semicircular canals
98
semicircular canals
contain small particles the register where the head is in relation to gravity. important in maintaining balance
99
what type of muscle is voluntary
skeletal
100
atrophy
degeneration of muscle due to a prolonged inactivity
101
excretory system
organ system responsible for the processing and elimination of metabolic waste products; kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra
102
Kidneys
primary organ involved in regulating the level of toxic or unnecessary molecules in the body
103
nephrons
primary functional unit of the kidney
104
bowman's capsule
surrounds a knot of capillaries known as glomerulus
105
glomerulus
knot of capillaries in the kidney which transfer glucose, amino acids and ions to the bowman's capsule
106
proximal convoluted tubule primarily responsible for
reabsorbing valuable materials from the fluid moving though it ; glucose, amino acids, sodium ions transported from the tubule back to the blood
107
loop of henle primarily involved in
removing water from the nephron and actively transporting sodium ions from the nephron to the space between nephrons
108
anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)
regulates the transporting of water from the loop of henle, bodies are naturally diuretic, so this keeps us from loosing too much water
109
distal convoluted tubule is primarily involved in
regulates pH and ion concentration by secreting and regulating the loss of Hydrogen ions, Sodium ions, Chloride ions, potassium ions and ammonium ions

Biology Final (3 decks)

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