Bio Week 7 - Emotion

Question 1

The amygdala coordinates and integrates which three components of emotional responses?

a. cognitive, behavioral, emotional
b. cognitive, autonomic, hormonal
c. autonomic, behavioral, hormonal
d. hormonal, emotional, behavioral

Answer 1

c. autonomic, behavioral, hormonal

Question 2

The medial nucleus of the amygdala has the most prominent role in emotional learning.
T
F

Answer 2

F- the central nucleus

Question 3

The amygdala receives input from each of the following brain areas except:

a. ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC, emotional regulation)
b. hypothalamus (autonomic regulation)
c. thalamus (sensory input)
d. hippocampal formation (memory)
e. receives from all of the above

Answer 3

b. hypothalamus (autonomic regulation)

Question 4

The amygdala then projects back to each of the following brain areas except:

a. VMPFC
b. hypothalamus
c. thalamus
d. midbrain, pons, & medulla
e. projects to all of the above

Answer 4

e. projects to all of the above

Question 5

When a person is exposed to which of the following would the amygdala be most active?

a. threat stimuli
b. love stimuli
c. anger stimuli
d. familiar stimuli

Answer 5

a. threat stimuli

Question 6

Lesions in the amygdala result in all of the following in animals except:

a. reduced fear responses to natural and conditioned aversive stimuli
b. reduced level of stress hormone and chance of developing ulcers due to stress
c. less timidity when entering unfamiliar places
d. more tameness when being handled by humans
e. results in all of these

Answer 6

e. results in all of these

Question 7

Electrical or amino acid stimulation of the amygdala results in all of the following except:

a. elevated androgen levels
b. ulcers
c. behavioral and physiological signs of fear
d. behavioral and physiological signs of agitation
e. results in all of these

Answer 7

a. elevated androgen levels

Question 8

The mediating systems between the amygdala and the deleterious effects of long-term stress are ___________ and ____________.

a. autonomic and endocrine
b. parasympathetic and somatic
c. sympathetic and endocrine
d. somatic and autonomic
e. a. and b.
f. c. and d.
g. a. and c.

Answer 8

g. a. and c.

Question 9

A conditioned emotional response paradigm is an example of __________.

a. operant conditioning
b. instrumental learning
c. classical conditioning
d. aversive learning
e. a. and d.
f. c. and d.
g. b. and c.

Answer 9

f. c. and d.

Question 10

Within the conditioned emotional response paradigm, a(n) _________ response terminates an aversive stimulus, whereas a(n) __________ response functions as a generalized physiological reaction controlled by the autonomic nervous system.

a. specific, nonspecific
b. instrumental, coping
c. nonspecific, specific
d. instrumental, nonspecific
e. a. and d.
f. a. and b.
g. b. and d.

Answer 10

e. a. and d.

Question 11

If a learned coping response allows for one to avoid or minimize contact with an aversive stimulus, then most of the non-specific emotional responses will eventually disappear.
T
F

Answer 11

True

Question 12

Classical conditioning occurs when an aversive stimulus (e.g., shock) causes autonomic and physical reactivity (e.g., high heart rate and freeze response).
T
F

Answer 12

F- It occurs when a neutral stimulus (e.g., a light), having been paired with the aversive stimulus, can cause such reactions without the aversive stimulus present.

Question 13

If the central nucleus of the amygdala were destroyed, conditioned emotional responses (cer’s) could still take place, just mediated through other brain pathways.
T
F

Answer 13

F- no other such pathways, to my knowledge; no cn, no cer

Question 14

All of the following are true of the VMPFC except:

a. activated during extinction
b. stimulation interferes with cer’s
c. lesions impair extinction in animals
d. stimulation increases aversive learning
e. all are true

Answer 14

d. stimulation increases aversive learning

Question 15

Stimulation of the hypothalamus results in __________, whereas stimulation of the amygdala results in ___________.

a. autonomic responses of anxiety, feelings of fear
b. autonomic responses of fear, feelings of anxiety
c. autonomic responses of anxiety, feelings of anxiety
d. autonomic responses of fear, feelings of fear
e. a. and b.
f. a. and d.
g. b. and c.

Answer 15

f. a. and d.

Question 16

Which of the following is indicative of patients with amygdala damage:

a. fail to show increased startle response when feeling an unpleasant emotion
b. fail to show increased memory for emotionally valenced story elements
c. show impaired acquisition of cer’s
d. show decreased emotional judgment
e. are able to identify happy and sad, but not scary, music
g. all of the above

Answer 16

g. all of the above

Question 17

A cer can be acquired by observing others receive an aversive stimulus, but not by being instructed that an aversive stimulus would soon follow.
T
F

Answer 17

F- cer can be acquired for both

Question 18

PET studies involving the amygdala found all of the following except:

a. The right amygdala was activated when subjects recalled emotionally (as opposed to non-emotionally) arousing film
b. recall was the best for scenes that produced the highest levels of amygdala activation
c. amygdala can be activated even when reading a threatening word
d. amygdala can be activated even when identifying the color of ink associated with a threatening word
e. found all of these

Answer 18

e. found all of these

Question 19

Most of the research related to aggression has been with animals and instinctive behavior. What area(s) in animals are/is involved in mediation of aggression?

a. PAG
b. Hypothalamus
c. Amygdala
d. All of the above

Answer 19

d. all of the above

Question 20

In relation to aggression, Serotonin inhibits aggression. True or False.

Answer 20

True

Question 21

Due to animal research we have learned that monkey who has low level of Serotonin were more likely to? Select all that apply.

a. engage in more safe behaviors and more likely to climb down trees and not leap
b. engage in more risk taking behaviors and more likely to take dangerous leaps
c. lived longer live and had more offspring
d. 46% were killed off by other monkeys within 4 years

Answer 21

b. engage in more risk taking behaviors and more likely to take dangerous leaps
d. 46% were killed off by other monkeys within 4 years

Question 22

Human research in relation to aggression indicates what concerning those with low levels of Serotonin? Select all that apply.

a. associated with aggression and antisocial behaviors
b. associated with mania and depression
c. SSRI shown to increase irritability and aggression
d. SSRI shown to decrease irritability and aggression

Answer 22

a. associated with aggression and antisocial behaviors

d. SSRI shown to decrease irritability and aggression

Question 23

Where is the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) located?

a. Top of the cerebral hemisphere
b. Anterior to the premotor cortex
c. Orbitofrontal cortex, bottom of cerebral hemisphere
d. Anterior to the central sulcus

Answer 23

c. Orbitofrontal cortex, bottom of cerebral hemisphere

Question 24

What part of the brain perceives and understands the meaning of social situations, and integrates sensory information with memories and cognitive abilities to render judgments?

a. CCA
b. vmPFC
c. Amygdala
d. Hypothalamus

Answer 24

b. vmPFC

Question 25

True or False: the left hemisphere is more involved in social judgments than the right hemisphere.

Answer 25

False; the right hemisphere is more involved in social judgments than the left

Question 26

``` The vmPFC receives input from which of the following areas? dorsomedial thalamus temporal lobe hippocampus ventral tegmental area olfactory system hypothalamus amygdala ```

Answer 26

``` dorsomedial thalamus temporal lobe ventral tegmental area olfactory system amygdala ```

Question 27

Where does the vmPFC get arousal inputs from? a. ventral tegmental area b. dorsomedial thalamus c. amygdala d. temporal lobe

Answer 27

a. ventral tegmental area

Question 28

Where does the vmPFC get emotionally relevant information inputs from? a. olfactory system b. ventral tegmental area c. amygdala d. prefrontal cortex

Answer 28

c. amygdala; provides info about the emotional valence of what is going on in the environment

Question 29

``` The vmPFC provides output to which of the following areas? cingulate cortex ventral tegmental area hippocampal formation temporal lobe superior colliculus lateral hypothalamus amygdala other prefrontal areas including the dlPFC ```

Answer 29

``` cingulate cortex hippocampal formation temporal lobe lateral hypothalamus amygdala other prefrontal areas including the dlPFC ```

Question 30

What area of the vmPFC is involved in regulating and integrating emotion into cognition and behavior? a. amygdala b. temporal lobe c. lateral hypothalamus d. cingulate cortex

Answer 30

d. cingulate cortex

Question 31

What area in the vmPFC is involved in influencing the way memories are formed and attaching emotional values to them? a. dorsomedial thalamus b. temporal lobe c. hippocampal formation d. olfactory system

Answer 31

c. hippocampal formation

Question 32

What area in the vmPFC is involved in activating the autonomic and sympathetic elements of emotional response? a. lateral hypothalamus b. cingulate cortex c. temporal lobe d. ventral tegmental area

Answer 32

a. lateral hypothalamus

Question 33

What area has a reciprocal connection with the vmPFC and helps control emotional activity? a. ventral tegmental area b. amygdala c. superior colliculus d. dorsomedial thalamus

Answer 33

b. amygdala

Question 34

True or false: After Phineas Gage’s brain trauma, he was more likely to lie, bully, and steal.

Answer 34

False; none of these negative behaviors were mentioned in Gage’s doctor’s account after the injury.

Question 35

Where did the idea of prefrontal lobotomies come from? a. studies in monkeys b. Moniz developed the procedure c. Phineas Gage’s accident d. a and b e. b and c

Answer 35

d. a and b

Question 36

``` Which of the following did prefrontal lobotomies reduce? anxiety ticks obsessions compulsions seizures ```

Answer 36

anxiety obsessions compulsions

Question 37

Which of the following were true of patients who had prefrontal lobotomies? a. they could still detect pain b. they were no longer bothered by the pain c. they did not have an emotional response to the pain d. all of the above

Answer 37

d. all of the above

Question 38

Which of the following were long unrecognized effects of prefrontal lobotomies? ``` substantial changes in personality irresponsible childishness irritability impaired planning anger unable to maintain employment normal and pathological emotional reactions were eliminated ```

Answer 38

``` substantial changes in personality irresponsible childishness impaired planning unable to maintain employment normal and pathological emotional reactions were eliminated ```

Question 39

Why were prefrontal lobotomies discontinued? a. the advent of drugs b. recognition of negative behavioral effects c. recognition of negative emotional effects d. recognition of negative cognitive effects e. a and c only f. all of the above

Answer 39

f. all of the above

Question 40

True or false: damage to the orbitofrontal cortex may result in a person able to verbalize reasonable, appropriate logical plans and responses to hypothetical situations but may not be able to apply them to his/her own life. True

Answer 40

True

Question 41

In the case study of the person who had orbitofrontal cortex damage, he lost his job, marriage, friends, and a lot of money because of what? a. he couldn’t express appropriate or relevant knowledge b. he wasn’t able to apply knowledge to regulate his behavior c. he had poor judgment in real life d. b and c

Answer 41

d. b and c

Question 42

In patients who have orbitofrontal cortex damage, can you rely on their ability to tell you what should be done as an indication of their ability to do it?

Answer 42

Nope, they can’t integrate what they are saying into their behavior

Question 43

The vmPFC is activated when making what kind of decisions? a. reflexive decisions b. hypothetical moral decisions c. non-moral decisions d. utilitarian decisions

Answer 43

b. hypothetical moral decisions

Question 44

What is a utilitarian decision? a. a moral decision b. a decision based on non-moral/impersonal scenarios, made rationally without strong emotional components c. personal moral decision, made when a person is confronted with their own mortality e. hypothetical moral decision

Answer 44

b. a decision based on non-moral/impersonal scenarios, made rationally without strong emotional components

Question 45

People with damage to the vmPFC make utilitarian decisions in which of the following scenarios? a. non-moral scenarios b. impersonal scenarios c. personal moral scenarios d. only a e. all of the above

Answer 45

e. all of the above

Question 46

What evidence do we have that the expression of emotions is innate? a. Facial expressions of emotions are the same across different cultures b. People can easily recognize emotion conveyed in facial expression of others from a different culture. c. Blind children demonstrate the same facial expressions as sighted children. d. All of the above

Answer 46

d. all of the above

Question 47

What part of the brain serves as interface between executive functions of the frontal lobe, emotional functioning of amygdala and the brain areas controlling movement? a. basal ganglia b. hippocampus c. anterior cingulate cortex d. vmPFC

Answer 47

c. anterior cingulate cortex

Question 48

True or False: Electrical stimulation of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) only produces feelings of positive emotions.

Answer 48

False: produces positive or negative emotions

Question 49

What is akinetic mutism? a. caused when there is damage to the ACC b. the individual cannot speak or move c. individual is not able to life sustaining behaviors such as eating or using the restroom d. all of the above

Answer 49

d. all of the above

Question 50

Personal moral dilemmas activate which part of the brain? a. Dorsolateral Prefrontal cortex b. Amygdala c. anterior cingulate cortex d. both a and c

Answer 50

d. both a and c

Question 51

What is the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex involved in? a. cognitive functions b. sensory input c. aggression expression d. flight or fight

Answer 51

a. cognitive functions

Question 52

True or False: It is theorized that the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex initiates a process of weighing emotional and rational factors and “comes to a decision” about what action to take.

Answer 52

True

Question 53

Subjects with antisocial personality disorder are found to have much reduction in prefrontal gray matter? Which indicates small prefrontal lobe and inhibited ability to have rational decisions. a. 50% b. 32% c. 11% d. 0%

Answer 53

c. 11%

Question 54

Who was Reinaldo Rivera? a. A man falsely accused of murder and dna evidence freed him from prison b. A psychopath proved by brain imaging c. A man who had the ability to hold jobs that require a great deal of executive function, but his defensive used a psychopathy plea to explain why he rape and murdered women d. The man whose affect changed after a steel rod went through his head.

Answer 54

c. A man who had the ability to hold jobs that require a great deal of executive function, but his defensive used a psychopathy plea to explain why he rape and murdered women

Question 55

True or False: The prefrontal cortex is activated by large Serotonin pathways?

Answer 55

True

Question 56

What is the relationship between Serotonin in the prefrontal cortex and aggression? a. deficient of serotonin - increased aggression b. deficient of serotonin - decreased aggression c. excess of serotonin - increased aggression d. excess of serotonin - decreased aggression

Answer 56

a. deficient of serotonin - increased aggression

Question 57

True or False: In mice testosterone increases aggression only in males.

Answer 57

False - increases aggression in both males in females. The more males (0,1,2) next to a female rat when growing in the fallopian tubes the higher level of testosterone and increased rate of aggression.

Question 58

Which sex in humans is more aggressive and why? a. females because they have lower testosterone levels b. females because they have higher testosterone levels c. males because they have lower testosterone levels d. males because they have higher testosterone levels

Answer 58

d. males because they have higher testosterone levels

Question 59

Is aggression caused by testosterone? a. yes, there is a direct causal link b. no, there is strong correlation between the two, but correlation does not equal causation c. no, the theory is that testosterone increases the motivation for dominance and aggression is one way of gaining dominance d. both b and c

Answer 59

d. both b and c

Question 60

True or False: Testosterone levels are increased by environmental influences.

Answer 60

True, winning a game or being a fan and your team wins show increased levels of testosterone

Question 61

What is an androgen? a. female sex hormone, estrogen b. male sex hormone, testosterone c. female sex hormone, testosterone d. a peptide

Answer 61

b. male sex hormone, testosterone

Question 62

True or False: Anabolic steroids contain some synthetic hormones with androgen effects, such as increased aggression.

Answer 62

True, but correlational not causal

Question 63

How has the relationship between androgens and alcohol been shown with animals? a. during mating season alcohol increases aggression in dominant squirrel monkeys b. during non-mating season alcohol increased aggression in dominant male monkeys, but only when also given testosterone c. during non-mating season non-dominant monkeys did not show increased aggression when given alcohol and testosterone d. all of the above

Answer 63

d. all of the above

Question 64

What area mediates perception of emotional content? a. anterior central sulcus b. right hemisphere c. left hemisphere d. amygdala

Answer 64

b. right hemisphere

Question 65

When the right hemisphere is damaged what abilities are impaired? a. less accurate at judging emotional tone of voice reading statements b. unable to recognize emotions from facial expressions c. unable to recognize movement d. a and b

Answer 65

d. a and b

Question 66

What area is activated in healthy subjects when identifying emotion from voice tone? a. left prefrontal only b. right prefrontal only c. bilateral prefrontal d. left hemisphere

Answer 66

b. right prefrontal only

Question 67

What area is activated in healthy subjects when identifying emotion from word meaning? a. prefrontal cortex b. amygdala c. bilateral prefrontal, left side more so than right side d. superior colliculus

Answer 67

c. bilateral prefrontal, left side more so than right side

Question 68

True or false: comprehension of words and recognition of voice tone are independent functions mediated by different areas of the brain

Answer 68

True

Question 69

What happens when there is damage to the amygdala? a. unable to see movement b. unable to see color c. unable to see faces d. unable to recognize facial expressions of emotions, especially fear

Answer 69

d. unable to recognize facial expressions of emotions, especially fear

Question 70

True or false: there are large increases of amygdala activation when people view facial expressions of fear but only small increases, or decreases, when viewing happy faces

Answer 70

True

Question 71

Where does the FFA receive input from? a. parvocellular system b. magnocellular system c. high frequency systems d. low frequency systems

Answer 71

a. parvocellular system

Question 72

The parvocellular system has what kind of spatial frequency? a. low spatial frequency for differences in brightness b. low spatial frequency for movement c. low spatial frequency fro depth d. high spatial frequency for detailed detection

Answer 72

d. high spatial frequency for detailed detection

Question 73

The amygdala receives what kind of input? a. high frequency b. subcortical c. cortical d. b and c

Answer 73

d. b and c

Question 74

Where does the subcortical pathway for the amygdala primarily come from? a. superior colliculus b. magnocellular system (superior colliculus and pulvinar) c. parvocellular system (facial fusiform area) d. pulvinar

Answer 74

b. magnocellular system (superior colliculus and pulvinar)

Question 75

The magnocellular system receives what kind of input? a. low spatial frequency for differences in brightness b. low spatial frequency for movement c. low spatial frequency fro depth d. all of the above

Answer 75

d. all of the above

Question 76

What is true about affective blindsite? a. produces a blind spot in the visual field b. caused from lesions in the primary visual cortex c. damage causes a person to be able to recognize facial expressions of emotion even though they don’t have conscious awareness of seeing the face d. damage causes a person to be unable to see movement

Answer 76

c. damage causes a person to be able to recognize facial expressions of emotion even though they don’t have conscious awareness of seeing the face

Question 77

What areas are activated when a person sees faces expressing fear? a. superior colliculus b. posterior thalamus (pulvinar) c. amygdala d. all of the above

Answer 77

d. all of the above

Question 78

In the case study of the woman who had bilateral damage to the amygdala, what were some of the symptoms she exhibited when looking at pictures of people’s facial expressions of fear? a. when not looking at the eyes she could not judge facial expressions of fear b. failed to look at eyes of people, instead looked at mouth c. when prompted to look at the eyes could recognize facial expression of fear d. all of the above

Answer 78

d. all of the above

Question 79

Damage to the _________ causes impairment in recognition of facial expression of disgust. a. basal ganglia b. amygdala c. insular cortex d. a and c e. a and b

Answer 79

d. a and c

Question 80

What area is activated in healthy individuals when looking at facial expressions of disgust or smelling a bad odor? a. amygdala b. insular cortex c. superior colliculus d. pulvinar

Answer 80

b. insular cortex

Question 81

True or False: Spontaneous smiles involve contraction of the orbicularis oculi muscles whereas posed smiles do not, meaning that different parts of the brain initiate posed and spontaneous smiles.

Answer 81

True

Question 82

What is facial paresis? a. Difficulty making full facial movements during spontaneous emotional expression b. difficulty making full facial movements during volitional emotional expression. c. condition caused by contralateral lesion in primary motor cortex or pathways to facial nerve. d. condition caused by contralateral lesion in insular, frontal white matter or thalamus. e. a & d f. b & c

Answer 82

f. b & c

Question 83

What is emotional facial paresis? a. Difficulty making full facial movements during spontaneous emotional expression b. difficulty making full facial movements during volitional emotional expression. c. condition caused by contralateral lesion in primary motor cortex or pathways to facial nerve. d. condition caused by contralateral lesion in insular, frontal white matter or thalamus. e. a & d f. b & c

Answer 83

e. a & d

Question 84

True or False: Different types of jokes activate the same areas of the brain.

Answer 84

FALSE-different types of jokes activate different types of the brain, but they all activate the vmPFC in the Right Hemisphere.

Question 85

True or False: The RIght Hemisphere has dominant role in emotional expression.

Answer 85

True

Question 86

Which of the following is FALSE about emotion expression? a. People judged the L half composite face as more emotionally expressive than the R half composite face. b. emotional facial expression usually emerges on the right side of the face first. c. Left hemisphere lesions usually do not impair expression of emotions, whereas Right lesions often do. d. All of the above are true.

Answer 86

b. emotional facial expression usually emerges on the right side of the face first.

Question 87

Which of the following were results of the case study of a patient with bilateral amygdala damage? a. the patient could NOT produce facial expressions of various emotions, including fear. b. the patient could produce facial expressions of various emotions, including fear. c. the patient could NOT identify the emotion conveyed in a photo of herself showing a fearful expression. d. the patient could identify the emotion conveyed in a photo of herself showing a fearful expression. e. b & c f. a & d

Answer 87

e. b & c

Question 88

``` Who supports this theory?: Emotions are a perception of physiological responses being caused by the environment eliciting physiological reactions that the brain becomes aware of through sensory feedback. a. Cannon & Bard b. Michael Daniel c. “Modern” Psychologists d. James & Lange ```

Answer 88

d. James & Lange

Question 89

``` Who supports this theory?: An environmental event elicits both feelings of emotion in the brain and physiological reactions. The two proceed in parallel and, while both constitute emotional experience, they have no causal relationship with each other. a. Cannon & Bard b. Michael Daniel c. “Modern” Psychologists d. James & Lange ```

Answer 89

a. Cannon & Bard

Question 90

True or False: The “modern” view of emotions is that the environmental events, physiological reactions, and brain-based feelings of emotion are all interactive.

Answer 90

TRUE

Question 91

Which theory of emotions does the following support: Higher levels of spinal cord injury are associated with patient’s report of less intense emotions. a. Cannon-Bard b. Michael Daniel c. “Modern” Psychologists d. James-Lange

Answer 91

d. James-Lange