Bio112-2017-1-4 Flashcards
(103 cards)
1
Q
5 Functional groups
A
Hydroxyl Methyl Amino Carboxyl Phosphate
2
Q
Hydroxyl molecular function
Occurs in?
A
OH
SUGAR
ALCOHOLS
3
Q
Methyl MF
occurs in?
A
Ch3
Fats
Oils
Steroids
Amino acids
4
Q
Amino MF
Occurs in?
A
Nh2
Amino acids
Protiens
5
Q
Carboxyl MF
occurs in?
A
COOH
amino acids
Proteins
Sugars
6
Q
Phosphate MF
Occurs in?
A
H2po4
Nucleic acid
ATP
7
Q
Isomer
A
molecules with the same formula but different stuctures
8
Q
Organic Chemistry
A
deals with large carbon based molecules
9
Q
Enzymes can preform 3 different chemical reactions
What are they?
A
Lysis Reactions- breaking things apart
Synthesis Reactions- add things together
Replacement Reactions- trade things
10
Q
Enzyme Reactions that break things apart?
A
Lysis Reactions
11
Q
Enzyme Reactions that add things together?
A
Synthesis Reactions
12
Q
Enzyme Reactions that trade things?
A
Replacement Reactions
13
Q
All chemical reactions in the body are called?
They are catalyzed by enzymes.
A
Metabolism
14
Q
Speed up and manage chemical reactions? normally ends in -ase.
A
Enzymes
15
Q
This helps the reaction to occur but is not part of the reaction..
A
Catalyst
16
Q
What are the 2 classes of metabolism?
A
cata
ana
17
Q
What class of metabolism builds things up/adds together?
Adds/ consumes energy?
Uses dehydration synthesis?
A
Anabolism
18
Q
What class of metabolism breaks things apart?
releases energy?
Uses hydrolysis?
A
Catabolism
19
Q
4 bonds
Single, double or triple bonded
Corner, angle or end represents this atom
A
Carbon
20
Q
Chains of this atom make up the backbone of molecules
A
Carbon
21
Q
Combinations of these 2 atoms form the bulk of macromolecule structures.
A
Carbon and Hydrogen
22
Q
4 Classes of macromolecules
A
carbs
lipids
protein
Nucleic acid
23
Q
Cyclic forms of what monomer can can be linked together to make di and poly saccharides?
A
monosaccarides
24
Q
Mono/di saccarides are used for what?
A
energy carriers
building blocks for larger molecules
25
Mono/di saccarides are used for what?
energy carriers
| building blocks for larger molecules
26
Polysaccardies are used for what?
short term energy storage
| structural support
27
Carbohydrate monomer?
Monosaccaride
28
Fatty Acid Polymer?
Lipid
29
Nucleic Acid monomer?
Nucleotide
30
Amino Acid Monomer?
Protien
31
Carbohydrate R-group?
Hydroxyl---OH
32
Lipid R-group?
Carboxyl---COOH
33
Lipid R-group?
Carboxyl---COOH
| mostly hydrophobic
34
Protien R-group?
Amino---NH2
35
Ribose, Fructose, Glucose, Lactose, and Sucrose are all examples of?
Simple sugars
36
Main energy storage for plants?
Starch
37
Main energy storage molecule for animals and fungi?
Glycogen
38
STRUCTURAL support for plants? (wood)
Cellulose
39
Structural support for fungi, some animals and bacteria?
Chitin
40
These are 3 forms of what macromolecule?
Triacyglycerol
phospholipids
Steroids/Cyclic
Lipids
41
Form of Lipid that uses fats and oils for energy storage
| -is made of 3 fatty acids w/ a glycerol
Triacyglycerol
42
Form of Lipid that makes up membranes
| -has 2 fatty acid tails
Phospholipid
43
Form of Lipid used for communication
- Can be modified to build ring structures
- are built out of 4 ring fatty acid structure
Steroid/Cyclic Lipid
44
______ is released by a cell to communicate with another cell.
Hormones
45
Long molecules that help carry the genetic information a cell needs to live.
Nucleic Acid
46
2 classes of Nucleic Acids?
DNA
| RNA
47
What are the 3 components of Nucleic acids?
Phosphate group
sugar
Nitrogenous base
48
Cytosine
Thymine
(Uracil-RNA)
These are classified as?
Pyrimidines
49
Adenine
Guanine
These are classified as?
Purines
50
Individual nucleotide are used for?
Building nucleic acid
energy carriers (ATP)
Signaling the Molecules (CMP)
51
Individual nucleotide are used for?
Building nucleic acid
energy carriers (ATP)
Signaling the Molecules (CMP)
52
What are the 8 uses of protiens?
```
Communication
enzymes
storage of amino acids
movement
defense
transport
structural support
chemical receptors
```
53
What are the 2 types of amino acids?
essential-we eat them
| non essencial- produced in body
54
What are the 3 classes of Amino acids?
polar
non polar
charged
55
list 5 structures of amino acid?
central carbon
r group
amino group
carboxyl group
56
what are the 3 lengths of amino acids called?
oligopeptide-1-50
polypeptide-30 or more
protein- final project(polypeptide chain)
57
What is a covalent bond?
when 2 atoms share electrons
58
What is a polar covalent bond?
- when 2 atoms share an electron but they are not distributed evenly
- created partial charges
59
what is a non polar covalent bond?
when 2 atoms share an electron and the electrons are distrusted evenly.
60
What are Ionic Bonds?
When an atom steals an electron from another atom.
| -creates salt
61
What is an hydrogen bond?
is a weak bond that occurs between molecules that are elctronegetive
-the positive side of hydrogen bonds to the negative side of O or N.
62
What is vader wahal reactions?
the phenomenon that happens when atoms are close together. Think geckos.
63
What are the 4 levels of Protein structure?
Primary- list of amino acids
secondary- beta sheath or double helix ( hydrogen bonding creates shape/motif)
Tertiary-R groups bond together to define over all shape.
Quaternary-many polypeptides bond together.
64
when there is unfolding of proteins it is called?
denature
65
what is denature?
when putting a protein back together(after denature)
66
How nucleic acids code for the information build proteins is?
Central Dogma
67
define emergent property.
found in complex systems
- when some thing by itself is nothing but when many come together it is something.
example is a protest= power in numbers
68
where is energy held?
electrons
69
How do you classify an atom?
by its atomic number/ number of protons
70
Isotopes are
when the number of Neutrons changes.
- always relates to neutrons
- changes atomic mass
71
Atomic # and symbol of hydrogen?
H
| 1
72
Atomic # and Symbol of Carbon?
C
| 6
73
Atomic # and Symbol of Nitrogen
N
| 7
74
Atomic # and Symbol of Oxygen
O
| 8
75
A bond between atoms that build molecules is
INTRA molecular
76
A bond that occurs between molecules is
INTER molecular
77
How do 2 nucleotide attach?
- phophodiester bonds
| - attaches to the 3'prime carbon
78
a positive or negatively charged molecule
ion
79
What are the 2 types of cells?
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
80
What 3 domains is life organized into?
Domain Bacteria- pro
Domain Archaea- pro
Domain Eukayota-Euk
81
```
Protista
Plantae
Fungi
Animilia
are all examples what domains kingdom?
```
Eukarya
82
What 2 factors determine efficiency of movement?
surface area plus volume
83
Which type of cell:
- DO NOT have well defined internal organization
- do not form tissue
- use asexual reproduction
- small
Prokaryotes
84
Which type of cell:
- have defined internal organization
- can be unicellular or cellular
- different life cycles--asexual/sexual
- small or large
Eukaryotes
85
- skin of cell
- PHOSPHOLIPID BI-LAYER
- semi-permeable barrier
- controls what goes in and out of cell
- surface of chemical reactions
cell (plasma) membrane
86
semi-fluid gel--intercellualar fluid (in cell)
- mostly water
- dissolves chemicals and molecules in cell
Cytosol
87
- network of protein fibers
- surrounds the cell
- anchored to cell by protiens
Cytoskeleton
88
- ENVOLOPE surrounding cell
| - protection and structural stability
cell wall
89
3 types of extensions of cells to help with movement and absorption?
flagella
cilia
microvilla
90
long swimming tails, supported my microtubules?
flagella
91
shirt swimming tails, supported by microtubules
cillia
92
finger-like projections from the cell membrane, helps increase surface area?
microvilla
93
The cytoskeleton is made up of 3 types of fibers
microtubule
microfilament
intermediate filament
94
network of protein fibers that help provide
- structural support
- mobility
- organization
cytoskeleton
95
ridged support of the cell, railroad for moving things made of tubulin
microtubule
96
contraction, movement of cell, made of actin
microfilament
97
flexible support of the cell
intermediate filament
98
dna is ________ in to rna
transcribed
99
rna is _________ into polypeptide/protein
translated
100
large non-membranous organelles
- made of rna and proteins
- act as enzymes
ribosomes
101
- USE CELL MEMBRANES TO ORGANIZE THEMSELVES
- more than one chromosome
- have circular dna in special organelles
- genetic material contained in the NUCLEOUS
WHAT CELL AM I?
EUKARYOTIC
102
- do not use membranes
- genetic material is free floating in plasmids (small looped dna)
- ONE chromosome
prokaryotic
103
contains genetic material, regulates passages of rna and nucliotides
nuclear envolope
