Bio2 Lesson 3.2: Reproduction and Development (High Yield Topics)

Question 1

Name the 6 main structures of the male reproductive system

Answer 1

Mnemonic: SEVEn UP

• Seminiferous tubulues
• Epididymis
• Vas deferens
• Ejaculatory duct
• Urethra
• Penis

Question 2

What are the male gonads and what do they contain?

Answer 2

Testes; they contain seminiferous tubules and interstitial cells

Question 3

What do the seminiferous tubulues do?

Answer 3

Begin the process of spermatogenesis (producing sperm)

Question 4

What do interstitial cells do?

Answer 4

Produce testosterone

Question 5

Name the structures of the male reproductive system in the order that sperm travels

Answer 5

Mnemonic: SEVEn UP

1) Seminiferous tubules
2) Epididymus
3) Vas deferens
4) Ejaculatory duct
5) Urethra and Penis

Question 6

What happens in the epididymus?

Answer 6

Sperm MATURES, acquires motility, and is stored until ejaculation

Question 7

During ejaculation, sperm travel through the ___________ to the ____________ and then to the ___________, which passes through the ____________

Answer 7

Vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra, penis

Question 8

Which hormone matures the seminiferous tubules?

Answer 8

FSH

Question 9

Which hormone stimulates the interstitial cells to produce testosterone?

Answer 9

LH

Question 10

Describe the 4 steps of spermatogenesis and describe whether each substance is diploid (2n) or haploid (n)

Answer 10

1) Spermatogonium (2n) undergoes MITOSIS to become primary spermatocytes (2n)
2) Primary spermatocytes (2n) undergo MEIOSIS I to become 2 secondary spermatoctyes (n)
3) Secondary spermatocytes undergo MEISOSIS II to become 4 spermatids (n)
4) Spermatids (n) undergo SPERMIOGENESIS (maturation) to become spermatozoa/sperm (n)

Question 11

Is a spermatogonium haploid or diploid?

Answer 11

Diploid

Question 12

Are primary spermatoctyes haploid or diploid?

Answer 12

Diploid

Question 13

Are secondary spermatoctyes haploid or diploid?

Answer 13

Haploid

Question 14

Are spermatids haploid or diploid?

Answer 14

Haploid

Question 15

Are sperm cells haploid or diploid?

Answer 15

Haploid

Question 16

What are the differences between spermatids and sperm?

Answer 16

Spermatids are immature and have a round shape.

Sperm are mature, change shape, grow flagella, and lose cytosol

Question 17

During which phase of cell division does a cell go from 2n (diploid) to n (haploid)?

Answer 17

Meiosis I

Question 18

What is the head of a sperm cell called?

Answer 18

Acrosome

Question 19

What does the acrosome do?

Answer 19

Releases hydrolytic enzymes (capcable of hydrolysis/degradation reactions) to digest a path into ovum/egg

Question 20

How long does it take for a spermatogonium to become a fully developed sperm cell?

Answer 20

Approximately 90 days

Question 21

What are the female gonads, where are they found and what do they consist of?

Answer 21

The female gonads are ovaries, which are found in the abdominal cavity and consist of follicles (developing oocytes)

Question 22

Replication of all oogonium (2n) that will be developed over a lifetime takes place _________

Answer 22

Before birth

Question 23

Germline cells are arrested at the __________ ooctye stage until _______ and stored in follicles

Answer 23

Primary oocyte (2n), puberty

Question 24

Before menarche, oocytes will only undergo __________ (phase of cell division) to become _______

Answer 24

Mitosis I, primary oocytes

Question 25

What phases of cell divison will an oocyte undergo after menarche?

Answer 25

After menarche, one oocyte every month undergoes meisois I to become a secondary oocyte. The secondary oocyte is arrested at metaphase II. Only when an oocyte is fertilized, will meisos II be completed.

Question 26

What are the 6 main female reproductive organs/structures in the order that fertilization takes place?

Answer 26

1) Vagina 2) Cervix 3) Fallopian tube(s) 4) Ovary(ies) 5) Uterus 6) Endometrium

Question 27

Where does sperm enter the female reproductive system from?

Answer 27

From the vagina

Question 28

In respect to fertilization, what happens in the vagina?

Answer 28

Sperm enters the vagina to begin the process of fertilization

Question 29

In respect to fertilization, what happnes in the cervix?

Answer 29

The cervix allows passage of sperm through to the fallopian tubes

Question 30

In respect to fertilization, what happens in the fallopian tubes?

Answer 30

The fallopian tubes are the site of fertilization. The sperm travels here and meets an oocyte. The sperm fuses into secondary oocyte. The secondary oocyte then completes meiosis II and fuses with the sperm nucleus to become a zygote

Question 31

In respect to fertilization, what happens in the uterus?

Answer 31

The uterus is the site of oocyte/egg implantation and is where a baby grows

Question 32

What happens in the ovaries?

Answer 32

Oocytes mature: to become primary oocytes

Question 33

What happens to most oocytes?

Answer 33

Atresia: they never mature

Question 34

What are the 7 main differences between sperm/spermatogenesis and oocytes/oogenesis?

Answer 34

Sperm/Spermatogenesis 1) There are about 400 million sperm made per day 2) Sperm are motile 3) Sperm are small 4) Meiosis I and Meiosis II are ongoing after puberty in males 5) Spermatogenesis is continuous in life 6) Sperm can carry an X or Y chromosome 7) The male reproductive system maintains stem cell population throughout life Ooctyes/Oogenesis 1) Only 1 oocyte matures per month 2) Oocytes are not motile 3) Oocytes are the largest cell in the body 4) Meiosis I continues for a long time (about 45 years) and Meiosis II is only completed after fertilization 5) Oogenesis stops at menopause (average 52 years of age) 6) Ovum can only carry an X chromosome 7) The female reproductive system gradually depletes primoridal oocytes over lifetime (no regeneration after birth)

Question 35

In order, what are the four stages of the menstrual cycle?

Answer 35

Menstruation/Menses, Proliferative/Follicular Phase, Ovulaiton Phase, Luteal/Secretory Phase

Question 36

What are the four hormones that regulate the menstrual cycle?

Answer 36

FSH, LH, Progesterone, Estrogen

Question 37

Describe the Menstruation/Menses phase of the menstrual cycle. Discuss gonadotropic hormone levels, the ovarian cycle, ovarian hormone levels, and the uterine cycle