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From Flashcardlet > bio212 w01 > Flashcards

bio212 w01 Flashcards

topics: evolution, phylogenies, speciation labs: microscope, observations

1
Q

Species

A

a population or group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring, but do not produce viable, fertile offspring with members of other such groups

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2
Q

Speciation

A

an evolutionary process in which one species splits into two or more species

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3
Q

How does speciation occur?

A

natural selection (fitness & adaptation)

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4
Q

allopatric speciation

A

formation of new species in geographically isolated populations

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5
Q

sympatric speciation

A

formation of new species in populations that live in the same geographic area

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6
Q

Dispersal

A

movement of individuals or gametes away from their parent location; sometimes expands geographic range of population or species

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6
Q

3 types of species concepts

A

Biological: are groups actually or potentially breeding

Morphological: are two groups (fossils) sufficiently different from each other?

Phylogenetic: are two groups bound by common ancestry? Do they form monophyletic groups?

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7
Q

Vicariance

A

process by which the geographical range of a population is split into discontinuous parts by the formation of a physical barrier to gene flow or dispersal

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8
Q

microscope: arm

A

structure to which all the other parts attach

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9
Q

microscope: stage manipulator knobs

A

move the stage left/right and towards/away (though image moves opposite direction of the stage)

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10
Q

microscope: eyepiece / ocular lens

A

magnify by 10x

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11
Q

microscope: objective lenses

A

magnify by 4x (red), 10x (yellow), 40x (blue)

opt: 100x, “oil immersion” lens

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12
Q

microscope: iris diaphragm lever

A

adjusts amount of light entering the condenser

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13
Q

microscope: light source

A

provides light

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14
Q

microscope: stage / stage clip

A

holds specimen in place

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15
Q

microscope: base

A

what the arm attaches to

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16
Q

microscope: power switch

A

turns the light on/off

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17
Q

microscope: lens paper

A

used to clean the microscope lenses

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18
Q

microscope: scanning lens

A

red, 4x

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19
Q

commercially prepared slides

A

preserved, glass cover slip

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20
Q

wet-mount slides

A

not preserved, plastic cover slip

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21
Q

magnifications, working distances, field diameter

A

lens / total mag / distance / field diameter
4x / 40x / 20mm / 5mm
10x / 100x / 10mm / 2mm
40x / 400x / 1mm / 0.5mm

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22
Q

4 things to include in all drawings

A

title, total mag, relevant scale bar, labels/descriptions

23
Q

microscope: revolving nosepiece

A

objective lens attachment point, rotates

24
Q

microscope: highest mag of dissecting microscope

A

30x

25
Q

advantages of dissecting microscope

A
  • right/left orientation is same as viewed
  • light from all sides
  • more working room allows you to dissect
26
Q

microscope: diopter adjustment ring

A

adjusts focus of left eyepiece (sometimes available on both eyepieces)

27
Q

microscope: body tube

A

chamber between ocular lenses and nosepiece

28
Q

microscope: condenser & condenser height knob

A

directly beneath hole in stage, concentrates light on the sample, should almost always be at highest position

29
Q

microscope: coarse & fine focus adjustment knobs

A

raises/lowers stage by a lot or a little

30
Q

Field Diameter math

A

find the Field # constant w/ 4x lens:

FD = Field # / Mag

5mm = Field # / 40x
5mm * 40x = Field #
200 = Field #

31
Q

metazoans

A

a zoological group comprising the multicellular animals

32
Q

heterotroph

A

an organism tat obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or substances derived from them

33
Q

synapomorphy

A

the possession by two organisms of a characteristic (not necessarily the same in each) that is derived from one characteristic in an organism from which they both evolved.

34
Q

4 synapomorphies of metazoans

A
  • multicellular
  • heterotrophs
  • obtain organic and inorganic compounds by ingestion
  • move under their own power at some point in their life cycle
35
Q

Linneaus vs. Darwin

A

static & organized by appearance
vs.
dynamic & organized by ancestral relationships

36
Q

7 common challenges of animals

A
  • reproducing
  • acquiring nutrients (food & O2)
  • distributing nutrients & info to body cells
  • removing wastes (CO2 & Nitrogenous)
  • responding to the environment (internal/external)
  • supporting, protecting, & moving the body
  • regulating salt concentrations

solutions depend on environment & body complexity: individual cells might carry out each task, or tissues my specialize on one or more tasks

37
Q

observations of natural world suggestion it changed over time

A
  • fossil record
  • environmental/geological record change
  • vestigial traits
  • apparent relatedness of species correlates with geographic distribution (Darwin’s contribution)
38
Q

Darwin’s mechanism for change

A
  • variable traits
  • differential survival & reproduction
  • variation is heritable
  • beneficial variants leave more offspring
39
Q

gene flow

A

transfer of genes from one population to another

40
Q

genetic drift

A

the change in the frequency of a gene variant in a population due to random sampling

41
Q

fitness

A

the ability of an individual to produce fertile offspring, relative to that ability in other individuals

42
Q

adaptation

A

a heritable trait that increases the fitness of an individual relative to individuals lacking that trait; time and location dependent

43
Q

contemporary evidence supporting of evolution

A
  • homologous traits:
    • structural/morphological
    • developmental
    • genetic
  • direct observation
  • convergent traits
44
Q

homologous trait

A

a trait that is shared by two or more taxa because their common ancestor evolved the trait; same construction, not necessarily function (bones of arm/wing/flipper)

  • morphologic: physical appearance
  • developmental sequence
  • genetic
45
Q

analogous trait

A

shared by two or more taxa because each one independently evolved the trait

46
Q

cladogenesis

A

divergence of lineages

47
Q

anagenesis

A

change within a lineage

48
Q

dendrogram

A

tree diagram (like the only figure in O.S.

49
Q

phylogeny

A

interpretation of the evolutionary history and relationships between a group of organisms

50
Q

phylogenetic tree

A

cladogram + time; hypothesis of ancestor-descendent relationships among populations, species, or larger groups; based on shared traits

why? to give context to evolutionary history, & it’s the most efficient system of classifying organisms & organizing diversity

51
Q

what data is used to group into clades

A
  • traits (distinguishable variations of an organism)
    • morphologic
    • developmental
    • genetic
  • quantifiable
  • independent of each other
  • homologous
52
Q

homoplasy

A

trait shared by two or more taxa due to convergent evolution, parallelism, or reversal; easy to gain, lose, and gain again

53
Q

synapomorphies

A

shared, novel (derived) characters;

contextual: depends on what subsection of a cladogram you’re looking at

54
Q

symplesiomorphies

A

ancestral traits shared by two or more taxa;

contextual: depends on what subsection of a cladogram you’re looking at

55
Q

parsimony

A

methodological reductionism; the explanation which requires the fewest undocumented assumptions is probably correct; Occam’s Razor

56
Q

ideal character

A
  • character states are discrete (not a range, like height)
  • # of states are knowable (across taxa)
  • mutation frequencies (rates of change) and direction of change are estimable

ex: DNA: just 4 states, no polarity, measurable mutation frequencies

From Flashcardlet (8 decks)

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