bio212 w02

Question 1

Archenteron

Answer 1

the endoderm-lined cavity, formed during gastrulation, that develops into the digestive tract of an animal

Question 2

Blastodisc

Answer 2

small disc-shaped structure formed early in development, containing nucleus and cytoplasm; sits on top of the yolk in bird/fish/reptile eggs

Question 3

Ectoderm

Answer 3

outermost germ layer of gastrula; gives rise to outer covering, and sometimes nervous system, inner ear, lens of eye.

Question 4

Gastrula

Answer 4

three-layered embryo, comprised of: ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

Question 5

Mesoderm

Answer 5

middle germ layer of gastrula; develops into notochord, lining of coelom, muscles, skeleton, gonads, kidneys, and most of circulatory system

Question 6

Endoderm

Answer 6

innermost germ layer of gastrula; lines the archenteron, gives rise to liver, pancreas, lungs, and lining of digestive tract

Question 7

Blastomere

Answer 7

early embryonic cell arising during cleavage

Question 8

Cleavage

Answer 8

succession of rapid cell division w/o significant growth during early embryonic development that converts the zygote to a ball of cells

Question 9

Zygote

Answer 9

diploid cell produced by union of haploid gametes during fertilization; a fertilized egg

Question 10

Primitive streak

Answer 10

a thickening future anterior-posterior axis on surface of early avian/mammalian embryo, caused by piling up of cells as they congregate at midline before moving into the embryo

Question 11

Spiral cleavage

Answer 11

in protostomes, planes of division are diagonal to vertical axis of the embryo; cells of each tier sit in the grooves between cells of adjacent tiers

Question 12

Totipotent

Answer 12

describing a cell that can give rise to all parts of the embryo and adult, as well as extraembryonic membranes

Question 13

Blastula

Answer 13

a hollow ball of cells that marks the end of the cleavage stage

Question 14

Neurula

Answer 14

Embryo at developmental stage at which neuralation occurs.

Question 14

Radial cleavage

Answer 14

in deuterostomes, planes of cell division are perpendicular or parallel to vertical axis of embryo, aligning tiers of cells one above the other

Question 15

Follicle cells

Answer 15

structure in which the primary oocyte develops; secretes estrogens

Question 16

Blastopore

Answer 16

In a gastrula, the opening of the archenteron; typically develops into anus (deuterostomes) or mouth (protostomes).

Question 17

Neural fold

Answer 17

.

Question 18

Echinoderm

Answer 18

Slow moving or sessile marine deuterostome with a water vascular system, bilateral larvae symmetry.

Question 19

Neurulation

Answer 19

Development of the nervous system in vertebrates.

Question 20

Acoelomate

Answer 20

Organisms lacking a fluid filled body cavity between the body wall and the digestive tract (flatworms, jellies, etc)

Question 21

Pseudocoelomate

Answer 21

Any invertebrate animal with a 3 layered body and a pseudocoel

Question 22

Germ cell formation

Answer 22

determinate (cell fate decided early) or indeterminate (cell fate decided late)

Question 24

Extraembryonic membrane

Answer 24

one of 4 membranes (yolk sac, amnion, chorion, allantois) located outside the embryo that support the developing embryo in reptiles and mammals.

Question 25

Meroblastic

Answer 25

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Question 26

Gastrulation

Answer 26

series of cell and tissue movements in which the blastula-stage embryo folds inward, producing a 3-layered embryo, the gastrula

Question 27

Meroblastic

Answer 27

referring to a type of cleavage in which there is incomplete division of a yolk-rich egg, characteristic of avian development

Question 28

Somites

Answer 28

pairs of blocks of mesoderm, just lateral to the notochord in a vertebrate embryo

Question 28

notochord

Answer 28

longitudinal, flexible rod of tightly packed mesodermal cells that runs along anterior-posterior axis of a chordate in dorsal part of body

Question 29

Holoblastic

Answer 29

a type of cleavage in which there is complete division of the egg; occurs in eggs that have little yolk (sea urchins) or a moderate amount (frogs)

Question 30

5 types of epithelial tissue

Answer 30

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Question 32

5 types of epithelial tissue

Answer 32

• cuboidal
• simple squamous
• simple columnar
• stratified squamous
• pseudostratified columnar

Question 33

3 kinds of connective tissue fibers

Answer 33

• collagenous: strength/flexibility
• reticular: joins to adjacent tissues
• elastic: make tissues elastic

Question 34

6 types of connective tissue

Answer 34

• loose
• fibrous
• bone
• adipose
• blood
• cartilage

Question 35

3 types of skeletal tissue

Answer 35

• skeletal
• smooth
• cardiace

Question 36

2 types of nervous tissue

Answer 36

• neurons: transmit impulses

- glial cells (glia): support cells

Question 37

4 main types of animal tissues

Answer 37

• epithelial
• connective
• muscle
• nervous

Question 37

coelum

Answer 37

body cavity lined by tissue derived only from mesoderm

Question 38

4 types of cells that can receive nerve impulses

Answer 38

• other neurons
• muscle cells
• endocrine cells
• exocrine cells