Biochem

Question 1

Catabolism

Answer 1

Breakdown reactions

Question 2

Anabolism

Answer 2

Reactions of synthesis

Question 3

Biopolymers

Answer 3

Form from condensation synthesis reactions which involve the elimination of a water molecule; made of smaller monomer units; includes: proteins, carbohydrates, and enzymes

Question 4

Condensation

Answer 4

Reactions involving the elimination of a water molecule

Question 5

Hydrolysis

Answer 5

The process of breaking up a biopolymer back into its monomer units by the addition of water

Question 6

Amino Acids

Answer 6

The monomer units that make up a proteins (ex: Glycine and Alanine); Always has an amine group and a carboxylic acid group

Question 7

Zwitter Ion

Answer 7

A form which amino acids can take where when placed in a neutral solution will donate a proton from the carboxyl group (acting as an acid) and also accept a proton through the amine group (acting as a base) and therefore forms an ion with both a positive and negative charge.

Question 8

Isoelectric Point

Answer 8

pH where the amino acid will exist as a zwitter ion

Question 9

Anionic Amino Acid

Answer 9

Form an amino acid takes in a strongly alkaline solution having a negative charge.

Question 10

Cationic Amino Acid

Answer 10

Form an amino acid takes in a strongly acidic solution having a positive charge

Question 11

Peptide/Amide link

Answer 11

Occurs when the carboxyl group of an amino acid undergoes a condensation reaction with the amine group of another creating a polypeptide with the functional group -CONH-

Question 12

Protein

Answer 12

Polypeptide made up of more than 50 amino acid monomers

Question 13

Primary Structure

Answer 13

amino acids forming the linear sequence of the polypeptide chain; hold together by covalent or peptide bonds; sequence of the protein is unique to that protein.

Question 14

Secondary Structure

Answer 14

Regions of the chain are organized into regular structures known as alpha-helixes and beta pleated sheets; held together by hydrogen bonds between the lone pairs of the O in the carboxyl group and an H of an amine group further down the line

Question 15

Tertiary Structure

Answer 15

Held together by the interaction of the side change through ionic interactions, hydrogen bonds, dispersion forces, or disulfide links to form the three dimensional shape of a protein

Question 16

Quaternary Structure

Answer 16

How the individual polypeptide chains interact with each other

Question 17

Enzyme

Answer 17

Protein that acts as a biological catalyst, increasing reaction rates of biological reactions without being used up in the process; tend to have more than 200 amino acids and are specifically designed for only one type of reaction through its tertiary structure.

Question 18

Substrate

Answer 18

The specific protein that will “unlock” an enzyme allowing it to catalyze the reaction.

Question 19

Electrophloresis

Answer 19

Analytical technique to create a “protein fingerprint” by separating large molecules with an overall charge and mass such as DNA and Proteins

Question 20

Lipids

Answer 20

Molecules including oils and fats (triglycerides), phospholipids, and steroids; mainly carbon and hydrogen with small amounts of oxygen and other elements; nonpolar and so are insoluble in water; store energy in the body, release more energy per gram than carbs; thermal insulator

Question 21

Free fatty acid

Answer 21

Long hydrocarbon tail with a carboxylic acid group head

Question 22

Triglyceride

Answer 22

3 fatty acid molecules attached to a glycerol (OH-OH-OH) through a ester link formed by a condensation reaction

Question 23

Phospholipids

Answer 23

Similar structure to triglyceride but replacing one of the fatty acids with phosphate group; polar head (hydrophilic), 2 non-polar tails (hydrophobic) forming a bilayer; forms cell membranes

Question 24

Steroids

Answer 24

Lipids with a structure consisting of 4 fused rings known as the steroidal backbone

Question 25

Iodine Numbers

Answer 25

Degree of saturation of lipids measured in the mass of Iodine which reacts with 100g of the lipid (1 mol iodine reacts with 1 mol of double bonds)

Question 26

Hydrolytic Rancidity

Answer 26

when fats break down by hyrdolysis reactions which occur from the water present in foods and the enzyme liapse which can be favored in the presence of certain bacteria and high temperatures.

Question 27

Oxidative Rancidity

Answer 27

when unsaturated fats react with oxygen from the air (reaction point is the double bond); can be controlled but not stopped by the addition of antioxidants

Question 28

Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL)

Answer 28

Major carrier of cholesterol from the liver to the rest of the body; when cholesterol levels are excessive LDL deposits it on the sides of arteries causing damage

Question 29

High Density Lipoprotein (HDL)

Answer 29

mops up cholesterol from the bloodstream and takes it back to the liver

Question 30

Anabolic Steroids`

Answer 30

class of steroids that are related to testosterone which mimic the actions of testosterone

Question 31

Anabolism

Answer 31

the increasing of synthesis withing cells, building up cellular tissue especially in muscles

Question 32

Cellulose

Answer 32

structural polymer of all plants which is a type of carbohydrate

Question 33

Carbohydrate

Answer 33

Oxygen-rich biomolecules which play a role in metabolic reaction of energy transfer

Question 34

Monosacharride

Answer 34

Carbohydrate of the form Cx(H20)y containing a carbonyl group and at least two hydroxyl groups.

Question 35

Disacharride

Answer 35

a carbohydrate formed when two monosacharrides undergo a condensation reaction

Question 36

Glycosidic Link

Answer 36

Ether link

Question 37

Polysacharride

Answer 37

a carbohydrate polymer where monosacharrides are connected by a glycosidic link

Question 38

Vitamins

Answer 38

Organic micronutrients that cannot be synthesized by the body so must be obtained from diet

Question 39

Water soluble vitamins

Answer 39

vitamins containing polar hydroxyl groups allowing it to hydrogen bond with water

Question 40

Fat soluble vitamins

Answer 40

vitamins that are nonpolar and insoluble in water bc the larger part of the molecule is very nonpolar

Question 41

Zeolites

Answer 41

specifically designed organic branched polymers that act as a "cage" to immobilize pollutants and xenobiotics from the ecosystem by mimicking the nature of enzymes

Question 42

Green chemistry

Answer 42

Takes into account the environmental impacts of a chemical process and encourages the synthetic design that minimizes the use and generation of hazardous materials

Question 43

Atom economy

Answer 43

the efficiency of a procedure as the ratio of the mass of the isolated target product to the combined masses of all the starting reactants, catalysts, and solvents