Biochem Bioenergetics

Question 1

catabolic reaction pathways (exergonic) create what? Anabolic (endergonic) pathways create what?

Answer 1

ATP, NADPH,

ADP, NADP+

Question 3

The ∆G° is the (blank) of this reaction ∆G = ∆G° + RT·ln([Y]/[X])

Answer 3

rate constant

Question 4

What is RT numerically?

Answer 4

1.364

Question 5

what is the free energy equation when non-equilibrium concentrations are known?

Answer 5

∆G = ∆G° + RT·ln([Y]/[X])

Question 6

What is the free energy equation when at equilibrium?

Answer 6

∆G° = -RT·lnKeq

Question 7

What is the free energy equation when heat/cold or disorder are known?

Answer 7

∆G = ∆H – T∆S

Question 8

What are the units of RT if it is 1364

Answer 8

cal/mol

Question 9

What are the units of RT if it is 1.364

Answer 9

kcal/mol

Question 10

∆G < 0: ?∆G > 0: ?∆H < 0: ?∆H > 0: ?

Answer 10

1. exergonic2. endergonic3. exothermic4. endothermic

Question 11

If ∆H > 0, reaction is spontaneous (∆G < 0) only if ∆S is what?

Answer 11

∆S > 0

Question 12

What effects your ∆G°?

Answer 12

nothing

Question 13

Will decreasing the delta G make the reaction proceed faster, lower the activation energy barrier or catalyze a reaction?

Answer 13

NO

Question 14

What is the ∆G° of ATP hydrolysis?

Answer 14

-7 kcal/mol

Question 15

What does glucose-6 phosphate make?

Answer 15

pyruvate

Question 16

What makes pyruvate?

Answer 16

glucose-6 phosphate, lactic acid, alanine, oxaloacetate

Question 17

What makes acetyl coa?

Answer 17

fatty acids, pyruvate, amino acids

Question 18

How does creatine help out ATP?

Answer 18

coupled to produce ATP

Question 19

How does glucose interact with ATP?

Answer 19

couples, makes ADP

Question 20

What are four high energy compounds?

Answer 20

esters (Amide), thiol-esters (acetyl-coA), anhydrides (ATP), guanidium phosphata(CP), enoyl phosphate (PEP)

Question 21

What electron carriers have a delta g knot of -15kcal/mol?

Answer 21

NADH, FADH2

Question 22

The complex involved in electron transport chain are contained in (blank)

Answer 22

inner membrane

Question 23

ATP synthase is contained in the (blank)

Answer 23

inner membrane

Question 24

where is he pyruvate dehydrogenase complex,

Answer 24

matrix

Question 25

What is the point of ETC?

Answer 25

to transfer NADH energy to molecules of ATP.

Question 26

in the ETC, protons get pumped out of matrix into what?

Answer 26

intermembrane space

Question 27

When is the reduction potential (E) positive?

Answer 27

for a redox pair with a tendency to acquire electrons

Question 28

When is the reduction potential (E) negative?

Answer 28

for a redox pair with a tendency to donate electrons

Question 29

What is the reduction potiential equation?

Answer 29

∆G° = -nF∆E°

Question 30

WHat are the two types of flavoproteins?

Answer 30

FADH2 and FMNH2

Question 31

flavoproteins can accept (blank) electrons

Answer 31

1 or 2

Question 32

What is also called Coenzyme Q or just Q Can accept one or two electrons Freely diffusible within inter membrane billayer

Answer 32

ubiquinone

Question 33

Heme cofactors in cytochromes contain Fe which can (blank).

Answer 33

be reduced or oxidized

Question 34

What do iron sulfer centers do?

Answer 34

participate in electron transfer (8 different participate it in)

Question 35

Recent studies support the idea the complex (blank) are associated.

Answer 35

I, III, and IV

Question 36

What does Complex I in the electron transport chain do?

Answer 36

NADH transfers 2 e- to FMN and Iron sulfers centers into qh2 which pumps 4 H into intermembrane space.

Question 37

How many electrons does Q accept?

Answer 37

2e-s

Question 38

What is another name for complex I?

Answer 38

NADH dehydrogenase

Question 39

What is the main equation of complex 1?

Answer 39

NADH +H+Q- _> NAD+ + QH2

Question 40

ubiquinone is considrered a transfer molecule, Why?

Answer 40

because it transfers electrons from complex I to complex II

Question 41

for 1 electron how many hydrogens get pumped through to the inter membrane space?

Answer 41

2

Question 42

What complex in electron transport is this? Contains four subunits, heme b, and a binding site for ubiquinone Heme b is not on path of electron transfer and is thought to play a role in preventing electron leak Mutations near heme b lead to hereditary paraganglioma: benign tumors in head and neck

Answer 42

Complex II

Question 43

What complex in the ETC is the only one that is membrane bound?

Answer 43

Complex II

Question 44

Which complex in ETC uses succinate dehydrogenase, heme b, iron-sulfer centers and binding sites for Q/QH2 and succinate?

Answer 44

Complex II

Question 45

What complex uses NADH transfer of electrson which get transfered to FMN then to iron sulfer centers and then QH2?

Answer 45

complex I

Question 46

(blank) is a soluble protein in the intermembrane space. It accepts electron and delivers it to complex IV

Answer 46

cytochrome c

Question 47

What complex in the ETC has 2 cytochrome b monomorswith vaern in middle of membrane in which ubiquinone is free to move?

Answer 47

complex III

Question 48

What complex in the ETC has cytochrome b, c and 2 ironsulfer centers and a rieske iron sulfer protein?

Answer 48

complex III

Question 49

What complex has the following equation: | QH2 + 2cyt c (ox) + 2H+N->Q + 2 cyt c (red) + 4H+P

Answer 49

complex III

Question 50

What complex in the ETC consists of three subunits with subunit II containing copper and SH from cystein and subunit I containing two heme groups and copper?

Answer 50

Complex IV

Question 51

What is another name for complex IV?

Answer 51

cytochrome oxidase

Question 52

Summarize the steps in the ETC:

Answer 52

NADH to ubiquinone, succinate to ubiquinone, ubiquinone to cytochrom c, cytochrome c to O2-> proton gradient and ATP

Question 53

What 3 types of energy are at work in ATP synthase?

Answer 53

Chemical potential (ph inside is alkaline), Proton motive force, electrical potential (inside is negative)

Question 54

In ATP synthase, which piece is the circle yellow piece bound to the inner membrane?

Answer 54

Fo

Question 55

Where is the F1 piece of ATP synthase found?

Answer 55

inside the matrix

Question 56

what makes the Fo part turn in ATP synthase?

Answer 56

hydrogens binding to the negative charge of it and eliciting a confirmational change

Question 57

How is ATP transferred from mito matrix to cytosol?

Answer 57

Phosphate translocase, adenine nucleotide translocase (antiporter)

Question 58

How do we get NADH from cytosol into mitochondria matrix?

Answer 58

in liver kidney and heart; Malate-Aspartate shuttle. | In skeletal muscle and brain: glycerol 3 phosphate shuttle (intermediates)

Question 59

What inhibits electron transfer?

Answer 59

cyanide, CO, Rotenone, and Amytal

Question 60

What inhibits ATP synthase?

Answer 60

oligomycin

Question 61

What uncouples phosphorylation from electron transfer?

Answer 61

thermogenin

Question 62

What are 6 agents that interfere with oxidative phophorylation?

Answer 62

cyanide, CO, rotenone, amytal, oligomycin, thermogenin

Question 63

How does thermogenin uncouple oxidative phosphorylation?

Answer 63

it inserts in the membrane and allows protons that were pumped across the membrane to freely diffuse back into the matrix. Activated at points when the body temperature drops and generates Heat rather than ATP