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biochem exam 2 Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

an ALDOSE contains an __________ functionality

A

aldehyde

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2
Q

a KETOSE contains a ___________ functionality

A

ketone

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3
Q

__________ are two sugars that differ only in the configuration around one carbon atom

A

epimers

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4
Q

what structure is the standard five-carbon sugar

A

ribose

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5
Q

what structure is the standard six-carbon sugar?

A

glucose

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6
Q

what structures are EPIMERS of glucose?

A

galactose and mannose

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7
Q

what structure is the KETOSE form of glucose?

A

fructose

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8
Q

how many carbons does the D-Ketose dihydroxyacetone have?

A

three carbons

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9
Q

how many carbons does the D-Ketose D-Erythrulose have?

A

four carbons

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10
Q

if the hydroxyl group is on the opposite side (trans) of the ring as the CH2OH moiety the configuration is _______

A

α

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11
Q

if the hydroxyl group is on the same side (cis) of the ring as the CH2OH moiety, the configuration is _______

A

beta

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12
Q

what is the new chiral center of the FORMER carbonyl carbon called?

A

anomeric carbon

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13
Q

six membered oxygen-containing rings are called ________

A

pyranoses

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14
Q

five membered oxygen-containing rings are called ________

A

furanoses

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15
Q

which carbon is usually drawn to the (L or R) side?

A

anomeric; right

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16
Q

Fehling’s test is when an aldehyde can reduce ______ to ______?

A

Cu2+ –> Cu+

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17
Q

Tollen’s test is when an aldehyde can reduce _____ to _____?

A

Ag+ –> Ag

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18
Q

which kind of detection is used in portable glucose sensors?

A

electrochemical detection

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19
Q

which enzyme catalyzes the conversion of glucose to glucono-δ-lactone and hydrogen peroxide?

A

glucose oxidase

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20
Q

glycogen AND cellulose is a branched homopolysaccharide of what?

A

glucose

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21
Q

what is the main storage polysaccharide in animals?

A

glycogen

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22
Q

Glycogen has _____ that forms α1 → α4 linked chains and _________ with α1 → α6 linkers every 8-12 residues

A

glucose monomers; branch-points

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23
Q

______ is a mixture of two homopolysaccharides of glucose

A

starch

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24
Q

what is the main storage polysaccharide in plants?

A

starch

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25
_______ is an unbranched polymer of (α1 → 4) linked residues
amylose
26
________ is branched like glycogen but the branch-points with (α1 → 6) linkers occur every 24-30 residues
amylopectin
27
celluloses glucose monomers form what kind of linked chains?
β1 → β4
28
in cellulose, adjacent monomers have what kind of bonds formed between them?
hydrogen bonds
29
what is the most abundant polysaccharide in nature?
cellulose
30
heteropolysaccharide examples include....
agar & hyaluronate
31
what are agarose solution form cells used for in the lab by electrophoresis?
separation of DNA
32
what are agarose solution form gels used for in the lab (surface-wise)?
growing bacteria
33
____ ____ sets up a proton-motive force
electron transport
34
what drives synthesis of ATP?
energy of proton-motive force
35
what stage is... acetyl-CoA production
respiration stage 1
36
what stage is... acetyl-CoA oxidation
respiration stage 2
37
what stage is... oxidative phosphorylation
respiration stage 3
38
which respiration stage generates a lot of ATP
stage 3
39
what respiration stage generates more NADH, FADH2, and one GTP
stage 2
40
what respiration stage generates some NADH, FADH2, and ATP
stage 1
41
what coenzymes are required to catalyze pyruvate to acetyl-CoA?
TPP, lipoyllysine, and FAD (prosthetic groups) NAD+ and CoA-SH (co-substrates)
42
step 1-8: C-C bond formation to make citrate
1
43
step 1-8: isomerization via dehydration/ rehydration
2
44
step 1-8: oxidative decarboxylations to give 2 NADH
3-4
45
step 1-8: substrate level phosphorylation to give GTP
5
46
step 1-8: dehydrogenation to give reduced FADH2
6
47
step 1-8: hydration
7
48
step 1-8: dehydrogenation to give NADH
8
49
which reaction is the only one with a C-C bond formation?
citrate synthase - condensation of acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate
50
which reaction uses acid/ base catalysis?
citrate synthase - condensation of acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate
51
citrate synthase AND alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase is highly thermodynamically _________ / _________
favorable / irreversible
52
citrate synthase - carbonyl of oxaloacetate is a good _______
electrophile
53
citrate synthase - methyl of acetyl-CoA is not a good ________ unless activated by ________
nucleophile; deprotonation
54
which step of the TCA cycle is the last oxidative decarboxylation and has net full oxidation of all carbons of glucose?
alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
55
succinyl-CoA synthetase AND fumarase is slightly thermodynamically _________ / _________
favorable; reversible
56
succinate dehydrogenase is near _________ / _________
equilibrium; reversible
57
each complex of the ETC contains multiple redox centers consisting of...
FMN (Flavin Mononucleotide) or FAD (Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide
58
glycogen, starch, and sucrose are used as ________ by glucose
storage
59
glucose oxidation via glycolysis produces...
pyruvate
60
glucose oxidation via pentose phosphate pathway produces...
ribose 5-phosphate
61
glucose synthesis of structural polymers produces...
extracellular matrix and cell wall polysaccharides
62
for EACH glucose molecule, ____ ATP are consumed in the preparatory phase and ____ ATP are produced in the payoff phase, giving a net yield of ____ ATP per molecule of glucose converted to pyruvate
2; 4; 2
63
what are the two phases of glycolysis
preparatory phase and payoff phase
64
in the preparatory phase, how many molecules of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate are formed?
2
65
glycolysis uses
1 glucose, 2 ATP, 2 NAD+
66
glycolysis makes
2 pyruvates, 4 ATP, 2 NADH
67
who cannot convert fatty acids to sugars?
mammals
68
which amino acids can serve as starting material for gluconeogenesis
alanine (Ala, A) and aspartate (Asp, D)
69
which compounds serves as the starting material for gluconeogenesis
oxaloacetate or pyruvate
70
glycolysis occurs mainly in the ________
muscle and brain
71
gluconeogenesis occurs mainly in the ______
liver
72
______ occurs mainly in the muscle and brain
glycolysis
73
________ occurs mainly in the liver
gluconeogenesis
74
which reaction requires two energy consuming steps
pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate
75
animals can produce glucose from ________
sugars or proteins
76
animals cannot produce glucose from ______
fatty acids
77
what are the main products of the pentose phosphate pathway
NADPH and ribose 5-phosphate
78
_________ activates glycerol at the expense of ATP
glycerol kinase
79
glycerol from fats entering glycolysis allows limited _______ _______ of fats
anaerobic (no free O2) catabolism
80
where does β-oxidation of fatty acids occur
mitochondria
81
fats are degraded into fatty acids AND glycerol in the ______ of _______
cytoplasm; adipocytes
82
fatty acids larger than 12 C are transported by what
acyl-carnitine/ carnitine transporter
83
each pass of the β-oxidation pathways removes one ____ _____ in the form of acetyl-CoA
acetyl moiety
84
the β-oxidation pathway, once completing its 7 round process, results in ____ molecules of acetyl-CoA, ___ molecules of FADH2, and ____ molecules of NADH
8; 7; 7
85
______ and _______ serve as sources of ATP
NADH; FADH2
86
when does production of ketone bodies increase (**in healthy individuals, the production is very low)
starvation and untreated diabetes
87
ketone bodies are released by _____ to ______
liver; bloodstream
88
t or f: only the liver can use ketone bodies as fuel
false; organs OTHER THAN the liver can use ketone bodies as fuels
89
what is it called when blood pH lowers to dangerous levels because of high levels of acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate
acidosis
90

bio 541 (6 decks)

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