Biochem Glycolysis and TCA

Question 1

Define

Stereoisomers

Answer 1

same molecular formula, different orientation (spatial arrangement)

Question 2

Define

Enantiomers

Answer 2

Non superimposable mirror images

Question 3

Define

Diastereoisomers

Answer 3

Not enantiomers

Question 4

Define

Epimers

Answer 4

Diastereoisomers with only one chiral carbon affected

Question 5

Define

Anomers

Answer 5

Diastereoisomers that differ in ring closure. Alpha OH down, Beta OH up

Question 6

Define glucose chain

Amylose

Answer 6

Unbranched starch of plants. α 1-4 linkage.
Helical structure, OH point outwards.

SOLUBLE

Question 7

Define glucose chain

Amylopectin

Answer 7

Branched starch. Chain α 1-4 linkage
& branch α 1-6 linkage

SOLUBLE

Question 8

Define glucose chain

Glycogen

Answer 8

HIGHLY branched sugar.
Chain α 1-4 linkage
and branch α 1-6 linkage

SOLUBLE

Question 9

Define glucose chain

Cellulose

Answer 9

Straight chains in plants, β 1-4 linkage + H-bonds.

Strong and INSOLUBLE

Question 10

Define glucose chain

Chitin

Answer 10

Animals. β 1-4 glycosidic bonds between glucose molecules with Nitrogen appendage.

Question 11

Products of

Glycolysis

Answer 11

Anaerobic, Net gain 2 ATP and 2 NADH

Question 12

Glycolysis irreversible enzymes

Answer 12

1. Hexokinase
2. Phosphofruktokinase (PFK)
3. Pyruvate kinase

Question 13

Gycolysis reaction driven by

Hexokinase

Answer 13

a-D-Glucose to Glucose-6-phosphate (G6P)

ATP invested

Question 14

Gycolysis reaction driven by

Phosphoglucose isomerase

Answer 14

Glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) to Fructose-6-phosphate (F6P)

Question 15

Gycolysis reaction driven by

Phosphofructokinase

Answer 15

Fructose-6-phosphate (F6P) to Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (F1,6PP)
ATP invested

Question 16

Gycolysis reaction driven by

Aldolase

Answer 16

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (F1,6PP) to dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) + Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)

Question 17

Gycolysis reaction driven by

Triosephosphate isomerase

Answer 17

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) to Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)

Question 18

Gycolysis reaction driven by

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase

Answer 18

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) to 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate (1,3BPG)
- NAD+ to NADH

Question 19

Gycolysis reaction driven by

Phosphoglycerate kinase

Answer 19

1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate (1,3BPG) to 3-Phosphoglycerate (3PG)

- ATP gained

Question 20

Gycolysis reaction driven by

Phosphoglycerate mutase

Answer 20

3-Phosphoglycerate (3PG) to 2-Phosphoglycerate (2PG)

Question 21

Gycolysis reaction driven by

Enolase

Answer 21

2-Phosphoglycerate (2PG) to Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)

Question 22

Gycolysis reaction driven by

Pyruvate kinase

Answer 22

Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to Pyruvate

-ATP gained

Question 23

Inhibitors of Hexokinase + Liver version

Answer 23

G6P

Glucokinase

Question 24

Inhibitors and stimulators

PFK

Answer 24

Inhibitors: Citrate, ATP, H+

Stimulators: AMP, ADP, Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate (F2,6PP)

Question 25

Inhibitors and stimulators Pyruvate Kinase

Answer 25

Inhibitors: ATP, AcetylCoA, Alanine Stimulators: Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (F1,6PP) whose levels are incresed by AMP, ADP stimulation on PFK

Question 26

Alcoholic fermentation

Answer 26

Anaerobic. Pyruvate to Acetaldehyde (enzyme: Pyruvate decarboxylase) Acetaldehyde to Ethanol and NAD+ (enzyme: Alcohol dehydrogenase)

Question 27

Lactic fermentation

Answer 27

Anaerobic. Pyruvate to lactate and NAD+ (enzyme: Lactate dehydrogenase)

Question 28

Pyruvate-Alanine cycle

Answer 28

Getting rid of Nitrogen. Amino portion excreted in urea by kidneys

Question 29

Conversion of Pyruvate to oxaloacatate

Answer 29

In mitochondria (liver) Enzyme: Pyruvate carboxylase

Question 30

Conversion of Pyruvate to AcetylCoA

Answer 30

Aerobic in mitochondria Enzyme: Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

Question 31

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

Answer 31

1. Pyruvate dehydrogenase: Rip off CO2 2. Dihydrolipoyl transacetylase: Pyruvate becomes AcetylCoA 3. Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase: NAD+ reduced to NADH

Question 32

Inhibitors and stimulators Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

Answer 32

Inhibitors: NADH, ATP, AcetylCoA Stimulators: ADP, Pyruvate

Question 33

TCA cylce yield per Pyruvate

Answer 33

3 x NADH 1 x FADH2 1 x GTP 2 x CO2

Question 34

TCA rxn driven by Citrate synthase

Answer 34

acetyl-CoA + oxaloacetate → CoA + citrate

Question 35

TCA rxn driven by Aconitase

Answer 35

citrate ⇔ isocitrate

Question 36

TCA rxn driven by Isocitrate dehydrogenase

Answer 36

isocitrate → α-ketoglutarate - NADH produced

Question 37

TCA rxn driven by α-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex

Answer 37

α-ketoglutarate + acetyl-CoA → succinyl-CoA - NADH produced

Question 38

TCA rxn driven by Succinyl-CoA synthetase

Answer 38

Succinyl-CoA → succinate - GTP produced

Question 39

TCA rxn driven by Succinate dehydrogenase

Answer 39

succinate → fumarate -FADH2 produced

Question 40

TCA rxn driven by Fumarase

Answer 40

fumarate → malate

Question 41

TCA rxn driven by Malate dehydrogenase

Answer 41

Malate → oxaloacetate - NADH produced

Question 42

Glycolysis yield of 1 molecule of Glucose

Answer 42

2 x ATP net (2 invested, 4 gained) 2 x NADH 2 x Pyruvate

Question 43

Yield 2 x Pyruvate to 2 x AcetylCoA

Answer 43

2 x NADH 2 x CO2 2 x NADH No ATP yield!!!!!

Question 44

Yield 2 x AcetylCoA enter TCA

Answer 44

6 x NADH 2 x FADH2 2 X GTP (ATP)

Question 45

Total ATP yield from 1 glucose molecule TCA cycle

Answer 45

6 x NADH x 2.5 ATP = 15 2 x FADH2 x 1.5 ATP = 3 2 X GTP (ATP) Total ATP = 20

Question 46

Name Complex I

Answer 46

NADH-Q oxydoreductase

Question 47

Name Complex II

Answer 47

Succinate Q reductase

Question 48

Name Complex III

Answer 48

Q-cytochrome c oxidoreductase

Question 49

Name Complex IV

Answer 49

Cytochrome c oxidase