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Biochem- Neurochemical Messengers Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 catacholamines?

A

Dopamine (DA), Norepinephrine (NE) and Epinephrine (E)

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2
Q

Which amino acid are the catecholamines derived from?

A

Tyrosine

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3
Q

Where do you get tyrosine for the synthesis of the catecholamines?

A

The liveer or diet

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4
Q

Which enzyme is the RLS and converts L-Tyr to L-DOPA?

A

Tyrosine hydroxylase

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5
Q

What are the 2 substrates that tyrosine hydroxylase needs for the conversion of Try –>l-dopa?

A

BH4 and O2

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6
Q

Which enzyme converts L-dopa –> DA?

A

Dopa decarboxylase

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7
Q

Where is DA synthesized in the presynaptic terminal?

A

The cytosol

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8
Q

Once DA gets inside presynaptic vesicles, what 2 things can happen?

A
  1. It can wait to be released if the neuron is dopaminergic, or 2. be converted to NE if the neuron is adrenergic.
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9
Q

Which enzyme and substrates convert DA –> NE?

A

dβh

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10
Q

If the cell is going to release E, what is the enzyme to convert NE –> E?

A

PMNT (1 letter away from being the most badass cartoon in the history of all cartoons. I used to call myself Danieltello and my friend growing up was Michaelangelo. CHAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA)

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11
Q

PMNT requires an important substrate for methylation of NE to make E. Which one is that?

A

SAM

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12
Q

The synthesis of SAM requires what 2 important substrates?

A

Folate and B12

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13
Q

So the administration of SAM can treat what type of disorder? Why?

A

Depression, becuase NT’s need it to methylate precursors like NE, which are depressed in the brain.

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14
Q

What is the name of the transporter that takes up DA into storage vesicles?

A

VMAT2

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15
Q

VMAT2 uses what type of energy system to get DA into the cells?

A

Secondary active transport by having protons pumped into the vesicles by vesicular ATPase and then they can exchange for a positively charged catecholamine to get in the vesicle.

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16
Q

In the vesicle, what other 2 things are the DA molecules complexed with?

A

ATP and chromogranins

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17
Q

Which drug can inhibit the VMAT2 channel and block the DA storage?

A

Reserpine

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18
Q

Schizophrenia has what type of change in D2 receptors?

A

Excessive activation

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19
Q

Street heroin (MPTP) can be metabolized by what enzyme to induce oxidative damage to the neurons?

A

MAO-B

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20
Q

What is tyramine?

A

Tyramine is a degredation product of Tyr and can lead to headaches, palpitations, nausea and vomiting because it mimics NE and binds to their receptors.

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21
Q

What happens to tyramine levels if someone is taking an MAOi?

A

It’s normally inactivated by MAO-A so it will increase if someone is taking an MAOi

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22
Q

D1/D5- Excitatory or inhibitory?

A

Excitatory

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23
Q

D1/D5- Metabotropic or ionotropic?

A

Gs pathway

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24
Q

D2/D3/D4- Excitatory or inhibitory?

A

Inhibitory

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25
D2/D3/D4- Metabotropic or ionotropic?
Gi pathway
26
α1 – excitatory or inhbitory?
Excitatory
27
α1 – metabotropic or ionotropic?
Gq pathway
28
α2 – excitatory or inhibitory?
inhibitory
29
α2 – metabotropic or ionotropic?
Gi pathway
30
β1, β2, β3– excitatory or inhibitory?
Excitatory
31
β1, β2, β3– metabotropic or ionotropic?
Gs pathway
32
What is the general role of MAO's?
inactivates catecholamines are are not protected in the vesicles.
33
Which 2 NT's does MAO-A's degrade?
NE and serotonin
34
Which NT's does MAO-B degrade?
degrades a wide spectrum of phenylethylamines.
35
What does COMT do?
transfers a methyl group from SAM to a hydroxyl group on the catecholamine
36
Which 2 vitamins is COMT dependent on indirectly?
Dependent on B12 and folate indirectly b/c of SAM.
37
HVA in the urine and blood is a marker for the turnover or what catecholamine?
DA
38
VMA in the urine and blood is a marker for the turnover of which catecholamines?
NE and E
39
What are the 2 indolamines?
Serotonin and melatonin
40
Which AA is serotonin and melatonin made from?
Tryptophan
41
What is the enzyme that uses BH4 and O2 to convert Trp --> 5-hydroxy Trp?
Trp hydroxylase
42
What is the enzyme that converts 5-OH Trp to serotonin?
Dopa decarboxylase
43
Where is melatonin synthesized in the body?
The pineal gland
44
Which 2 substrates are used to convert serotonin to melatonin?
Acetyl CoA and SAM
45
Which drugs can inhibit the 5HT reuptake pump to treat depression?
SSRI's (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors)
46
Novel anti-anxiety drugs are 5HT1 agonists or antagonists?
Agonists
47
LSD is a 5HT2 agonist or antagonist?
Agonist
48
5HT1/5HT5- excitatory or inhbitory?
Inhibitory
49
5HT1/5HT5- metabotropic or ionotropic?
Gi pathway
50
5HT2- excitatory or inhibitory?
excitatory
51
5HT2- metabotripic or ionotropic?
Gq pathway
52
5HT3- excitatory or inhibitory?
Excitatory
53
5HT3- metabotropic or ionotropic?
Ionotropic
54
5HT4/6/7- excitatory or inhibitory?
excitatory
55
5HT4/6/7- metabotropic or ionotropic?
Cs pathway
56
How can MAOi's treat depression?
Remember MAO-A's degrade serotonin, so taking an MAOi causes increased serotonin
57
Typical antipsycotics block which R?
D2
58
Atypical antipsychotics block which R?
5HT2
59
Chemotherapy anti-neusea drugs block which R?
5HT3
60
Histamine is made from which AA?
Histidine
61
What cells make histamine?
mast cells
62
What is the single enzymatic step to make histamine?
histidine debarboxylase convers histidine to histamine with PLP
63
H1- Excitatory or inhibitory?
excitatory
64
H1- metabotropic or ionotropic?
Gq pathway
65
H2- Excitatory or inhibitory?
excitatory
66
H2- metabotropic or ionotropic?
Gs pathway
67
H3/4- Excitatory or inhibitory?
Inhibitory
68
H3/4- metabotropic or ionotropic?
Gi pathway
69
What 2 substances inactivate hsitamine?
Histamine isn't recycled into the presynaptic terminal to any great extent. It instead is inactivated by methylation from SAM and then oxidation by MAO-B.
70
What 2 things is Ach made from?
choline and acetyl CoA
71
What enzyme converts choline and acetyl CoA to Ach?
ChAT
72
Where does ChAT make Ach in the nerve terminal?
the cytoplasm
73
Why is choline indirectly tied to the use of vitamin B12?
because it can be made from the synthesis of phospholipids, and that uses SAM, which is made from B12
74
What happens in lambert-eaton myasthenic syndrome?
Antibodies against the voltage-gated Ca++ channels --> decreased Ach release. (similar to MG)
75
What causes myasthenia gravis?
autoimmune rxn against α1 subunit of the NmAChR. From drugs, viruses or thymomas.
76
How do you diagnose and treat MG?
Diagnose with edrophonium to see 30 sec improvement. Tx- AchE blockers, pyridostigmine is best.
77
N1/N2- excitatory or inhibitory?
excitatory
78
N1/N2- metabotropic or ionotropic?
ionotropic
79
M1/M3/M5- excitatory or inhibitory?
excitatory
80
M1/M3/M5- metabotropic or ionotropic?
Gq pathway
81
M2/M4- excitatory or inhibitory?
inhibitory
82
M2/M4- metabotropic or ionotropic?
Gi pathway
83
Glutamate is synthesized from which molecule?
glutamine
84
Glutamine is synthesized from which molecule?
α-ketogluterate
85
How can α-ketogluterate get converted to glutamate directly?
Glutamate dehydrogenase can convert it
86
α-ketogluterate can get converted to gluamine using which process?
transamination
87
Glutamine can get converted to glutamate using which enzyme?
glutaminase
88
GABA can get made from glutamate using what enzyme?
glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)
89
What are the AMPA receptors?
Excitatory Ligand Gated Sodium Channels
90
What are the Kainate receptors?
Excitatory Ligand Gated Sodium Channels
91
What are the NMDA recepotors?
Excitatory Ligand Gated Sodium and Calcium Channels
92
What are the mGluR1&5 receptors?
Excitatory Metabotropic linked to increased DAG & IP3
93
What are the mGluR2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8 receptors?
Inhibitory - Metabotropic linked to decreased cAMP
94
What are the GABAA receptors?
Inhibitory Ligand Gated Chloride Channels
95
What are the GABAB receptors?
Inhibitory Metabotropic triggered outward Potassium Channels | • Similar to inhibitory mGluR’s
96
What are the GABAC receptors?
Inhibitory Ligand Gated Chloride Channels | • Similar to A but highly expressed in the retina
97
Which molecule is Aspartate synthesized from?
Oxaloacetate?
98
How is Aspartate synthesized from OAA?
transamination reactions
99
Which R's does Aspartate act on?
NMDA - Excitatory Ligand Gated Sodium and Calcium Channels
100
Which AA is Glycine synthesized from?
Serine
101
Which enzyme converts Ser --> Gly?
hydroxymethyltransferase
102
Which R's does Gly act on?
" Inhibitory Ligand Gated Chloride Channels | • Similar to GABAA but found in spinal cord."
103
Which AA is nitric oxide (NO) synthesized from?
Arg
104
Which enzyme converts Arg --> NO?
NO synthase
105
What are the roles of NO in the body?
Messenger in a lot of pathways- vasodilation, neurotransmission and the ability of the immune system to kill tumor cells and parasites.
106
Does NO have receptors?
no lol get it. NO --> no. this is horrible.

Clinical Neuroscience (12 decks)

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