BIOCHEM RANDOM

Question 1

What are the two types of Nucleic Acids

Answer 1

RNA
DNA

Question 2

RNA stands for

Answer 2

Ribonucleic Acid

Question 3

DNA stands for

Answer 3

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Question 4

The Nucleic Acid that stores genetic information

Answer 4

DNA

Question 5

The Nucleic acid responsible for using the genetic information encoded in DNA to produce the thousands of proteins found in living organisms

Answer 5

RNA

Question 6

Contains the entire DNA Genome over 3 feet total length

Answer 6

Nucleus

Question 7

Large complex molecules composed of C(carbon), O(Oxygen ) ,H(Hydrogen), N(Nitrogen) and P(Phosphorus)

Answer 7

Nucleic Acid

Question 8

Nucleic Acid are made up of monomers called

Answer 8

Nucleotides

Question 9

3 components of Nucleotides

Answer 9

Phosphate
5 carbon Sugar
Nitrogenous Base

Question 10

Are responsible for storing genetic information and protein synthesis

Answer 10

Nucleic Acid

Question 11

A Nitrogenous Base are

Answer 11

Adenine
Guanine
Thymine
Cytosine
Uracil

Question 12

Are linked together by Dehydration Synthesis or Polymerization reactions between the sugar of one nucleotide and the Phosphate group of a second nucleotide

When linked, Sugar Phosphate Backbone is formed

Answer 12

Nucleotides

Question 13

DNA was first recognized and identified by the

Answer 13

Swiss biologist, Johannes Friedrich Miescher in 1869

Question 14

Composed of 2 strands arranged as a right handed helix in opposite directions, contains sugar deoxyribose

Answer 14

DNA

Question 15

Single strand not helix- less than stable than DNA, contains sugar Ribose, Regulates information for protein synthesis

Answer 15

RNA

Question 16

It is a right-handed double helix similar to the B-DNA form, Dehydrated DNA takes an A form that protects the DNA during extreme condition such as desiccation, protein binding also removes the solvent from DNA and the DNA takes an A form

Answer 16

A-DNA

Question 17

Most common DNA conformation and is right-handed helix, Majority of DNA has B type conformation under normal physiological conditions

Answer 17

B-DNA

Question 18

A left-handed DNA Where the double helix winds to the left in a zig-zag pattern. It was discovered by Andres Wang and Alexander Rich. Found ahead of the start site of a gene and hence is believed to play some role in the gene regulation

Answer 18

Z-DNA

Question 19

The double helix structure of a DNA molecule was later discovered through the experimental data by

Answer 19

James Watson
Francis Crick

Question 20

DNA that constitutes the total genetic information content of an organism, the segment of the genome that can be translated is called GENE

Answer 20

GENOME

Question 21

DNA segments that do not convey code for genetic information

Answer 21

INTRONS

Question 22

DNA segments that convey genetic information

Answer 22

EXONS

Question 23

3 forms of RNA

Answer 23

Messenger RNA (m-RNA)
Ribosomal RNA (r-RNA)
transfer RNA (t-RNA)

Question 24

Made in the nucleus of the cell as a component to a DNA strand; Serves as cytoplasmic messenger of genes and carrier of genetic information for protein synthesis

Answer 24

Messenger RNA (m-RNA)

Question 25

Comprise 70-80% of the total cell RNA (most abundant) ; bind the m-RNA and a specific enzyme for protein synthesis; used as a structural component of the ribosome

Answer 25

Ribosomal RNA (r-RNA)

Question 26

10-15% of the total RNA content of the cell (second most abundant); Carry specific amino acids to the ribosomes and decodes the genetic information in mRNA in terms of proper amino acid sequence

Answer 26

Transfer RNA (t-RNA)

Question 27

Nitrigenous base + sugar

Answer 27

NUCLEOSIDES

Question 28

Are derivatives of purines and purimidines that have a sugar linked to a ring nitrogen of a purine or pyrimidine; formed between C1 of the sugar and N1 of pyrimidine base or N9 of purine base; water is eliminated in the process

Answer 28

NUCLEOSIDES

Question 29

Functional Sub-units of Nucleic Acid

Answer 29

NUCLEOTIDES

Question 30

A series of theories of the transmission of hereditary information and protein synthesis

Answer 30

The Central Dogma

Question 31

The process by which the genetic code- the nucleotide sequence- of a gene is used to direct protein synthesis and produce the structures of the cell.

Answer 31

GENE EXPRESSION

Question 32

A copying process by which DNA is applied to the new cells formed bu cell division; This genetic information is transferred to mRNA through Transcription

Answer 32

Replication DNA to DNA

Question 33

This process involves transfer of genetic information from a DNA strand thru Base pairing to form complementary ribonucleotides, an RNA chain.

Answer 33

Transcription DNA to RNA

Question 34

This information is translated from nitrogenous base sequence to an amino acid sequence by tRNA as presented to it by the ribosome forming proteins RNA to PROTEIN

Answer 34

Translation RNA to PROTEINS

Question 35

3 Reactions

Answer 35

REPLICATION- parent DNA to daughter DNA TRANSCRIPTION- DNA to messenger RNA TRANSLATION- mRNA to CHON’s (reading if from 5’ to 3’)

Question 36

Only 1 strand will undergo transcription

Answer 36

SEME- CONSERVATIVE REPLICATION

Question 37

The synthesis of a complementary strand of RNA from a DNA template which takes place inside the nucleus

Answer 37

TRANSCRIPTION

Question 38

3 steps of Transcription

Answer 38

INITIATION ELONGATION TERMINATION

Question 39

The beginning of transcription . Occurs when the enzyme RNA polymerase binds to a region of a gene called the promoter.

Answer 39

INITIATION

Question 40

The addition of nucleotides to the mRNA strand. RNA polymerase reads the unwound DNA strand and builds the mRNA molecule, using complementary base pairs.

Answer 40

ELONGATION

Question 41

Ending of transcription. Occurs when RNA polymerase crosses a stop (termination) sequence in the gene. The mRNA strand is complete, and it detaches from DNA

Answer 41

TERMINATION

Question 42

Any chemical or physical change that alters the sequence of bases in DNA molecule. Any alternation in the protein as a result of a change in all cell structure, because when the genetic info in the DNA is altered, the message transcribed into RNA will also be altered

Answer 42

MUTATION

Question 43

Substances that causes mutation either physical or chemical form

Answer 43

MUTAGENS

Question 44

Types of Mutations

Answer 44

SILENT MUTATION MISSENSE MUTATION NONSENSE MUTATION FRAMESHIFT MUTATION

Question 45

Set of rules which give a relationship between the nitrogenous bases and the amino acids in polypeptide chain.

Answer 45

GENETIC CODE

Question 46

Genes that may replace one another at the same locus, responsible for alternate or contrasting characters

Answer 46

ALLELES

Question 47

When both alleles carry the same defect

Answer 47

HOMOZYGOUS

Question 48

When one alleles is normal, and the counterpart is defective

Answer 48

HETEROZYGOUS

Question 49

The observed character expressed by the gene

Answer 49

PHENOTYPE

Question 50

Represent the set of pattern of genes present in the cell

Answer 50

GENOTYPE

Question 51

Only one copy of a disease allele is necessary for an individual to be susceptible to expressing the phenotype

Answer 51

AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT INHERITANCE

Question 52

An autosomal recessive inheritance, two copies of a disease allele are required for an individual to be susceptible to expressing the phenotype

Answer 52

AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE INHERITANCE

Question 53

In the autosomal conditions, the disease occurs both sexes with equal frequency. But in sex-linked conditions, X-chromosomes carriers the abnormal gene

Answer 53

SEX-LINKED (X-LINKED) RECESSIVE INHERITANCE

Question 54

A chromosomal condition that alters development in females. Women in this condition tend to be shorter than average and are usually unable to conceive a child (infertile) because of an absence of ovarian function

Answer 54

TUNER SYNDROME

Question 55

Also known as XXY condition, is a term used to describe males who have an extra X chromosome in most of their cells

Answer 55

KLINEFELTER SYNDROME

Question 56

A genetic disorder and the most common autosomal chromosomes abnormality in humans, where extra genetic material from chromosome 21 is transferred to a newly formed embryo

Answer 56

DOWN SYNDROME/ TRISOMY 21

Question 57

A rare genetic disorder in which a variable portion of the short arm of chromosome 5 is missing or deleted (monosomic)

Answer 57

CRI DU CHAT SYNDROME (CdCS or 5p-)

Question 58

Process of genetic information flow DNA to RNA to proteins is called

Answer 58

CENTRAL DOGMA

Question 59

Important enzymes in Central Dogma

Answer 59

DNA GYRASE DNA LIGASE DNA POLYMERASE HELICASE PRIMASE RNA POLYMERASE

Question 60

Copies RNA from a DNA template

Answer 60

RNA POLYMERASE

Question 61

An RNA polymerase that makes RNA primers from a DNA template

Answer 61

PRIMASE

Question 62

Unwinds double stranded DNA

Answer 62

HELICASE

Question 63

Synthesis DNA; proofread and facilities repair of DNA

Answer 63

DNA POLYMERASE

Question 64

Makes covalent bonds in join DNA strand; Okazaki framgments and new segments in axcision repair

Answer 64

DNA LIGASE

Question 65

Relaxes supercoiling ahead of the replication fork

Answer 65

DNA GYRASE

Question 66

Are short sequence of DNA that are produced by the discontinous replication of the lagging strand

Answer 66

OKAZAKI FRAGMENTS

Question 67

Are short, newly synthesized DNA fragments that are formed on tha lagging template strand during DNA replication

Answer 67

OKAZAKI FRAGMENTS