BioChem review Flashcards
(143 cards)
1
Q
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) enzyme found in:
A
bone or liver
2
Q
Acid Phosphatase (ACP) enzyme found in:
A
prostate
3
Q
Amylase/lipase enzyme found in:
A
pancreas
4
Q
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST/SGOT) enzyme found in:
A
heart and liver
5
Q
Alanine aminotranferase (ALT/SGPT) enzyme found in:
A
heart and liver
6
Q
Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) enzyme found in:
A
heart, liver, skeletal muscle
7
Q
Creatine phosphokinase (CK/CPK) enzyme found in:
A
heart and skeletal muscle
8
Q
Vmax=
A
max velocity of rxn
9
Q
Km=
A
1/2 Vmax
:Useful when comparing 2 different substrates
Lower Km=Increased affinity=faster rxn
10
Q
Synthetase uses:
Synthase uses:
A
ATP/GTP as energy source (ligase)
Something else
11
Q
Oxidoreductase common name and cofactors
A
Dehydrogenase and NAD/FAD or NADP if anabolic
12
Q
Transferase common name and cofactors
A
Transferase and no cofactors
13
Q
Hydrolase common name
A
Substrate + ase
14
Q
Lyase common name
A
substrate + ase
15
Q
______ cannot be affected by substrate concentration
A
Vmax
16
Q
ketoses vs aldoses main name difference
A
Ketoses have a U in the name ex: ribulose
17
Q
Amylose bond type and hydrolyzed into
A
alpha 1-4 and into glucose
18
Q
amylopectin bond type and hydrolyzed into
A
alpha 1-4 and alpha 1-6 and into maltose, isomaltose
19
Q
glycogen bond type and hydrolyzed into
A
alpha 1-4 and alpha 1-6 and into alpha amylase
20
Q
cellulose bond type and hydrolyzed into
A
B1-4 and into cellulase
21
Q
Glycolysis yields __ ATP and consumes ___ ATP netting ___ ATP and ____ NADH
A
yields 4, 2 consumed, 2 net gain, and 2 NADH made
22
Q
______converts glucose to G6P in glycolysis
A
hexokinase/glucokinase
23
Q
_______converts F6P to F1,6-BP in glycolysis
A
phosphofructokinase
24
Q
_____converts G3P to 1,3-BPG in glycolysis
A
glyceraldehyde 3-P-dehydrogenase
25
______ converts PEP to pyruvate in glycolysis
pyruvate dehydrognase
26
______converts G6P to Glucose in gluconeogenesis
glucose-6-phosphatase
27
______converts F1,6,BP to F6P in gluconeogenesis
fructose-1,6-biphosphatase
28
_______converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate in gluconeogenesis
pyruvate decarboxylase
29
______converts oxaloacetate to PEP in gluconeogenesis
PEP carboxykinase
30
```
Pyruvate in Liver can go thru:
Gluconeogenesis yielding:
Post glycolysis/krebs yielding:
transamination yielding:
Lactate dehydrogenase yielding:
```
Glucose
Acetyl-CoA
L-Alanine
Lactate
31
3 Pre Krebs Enzymes and 5 cofactors
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase with B1, B2
Dihydrolipoyl transacetylase with B3,B5
Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase with lipase
32
T/F: 1 fructose=more energy than 1 glucose
T
33
What is enzyme used to convert galactose into galactose-1-P in metabolism of galactose
galactokinase
34
what is condition characterized by deficiency of Gal-1-P uridyl transferase
Galactosemia, can be corrected with strict diet and is congenital
35
Pentose Phosphate Pathway/hexose monophosphate shunt 4 functons
1. generate NADPH+H
2. produce ribose-5-phosphate
3. serve as alternate shunt for glucose metabol
4. metabolize some sugars like xylitol
36
Glycogenesis 3 main enzymes and function
1. Phophoglucomutase: G6P to G1P
2. Glycogen Synthase: attaches glucose to primer in Alpha 1-4 bond
3. branching enzyme: removes 6 glucose chain from growing glycogen polymer and attaches to nearby glycogen a1-6 bond
37
Glycogenolysis 3 main enzymes and function
1. Glycogen phosphorylase: breaks alpha 1-4 bonds of glucose in glycogen to form G1P
2. glucan transferase: removes 3 residues from glycogen branch and adds to a1-4bond
3. debranching enzyme: removes final a1-6 bond to release glucose
38
Adrenaline/Epinephrine act on and perform:
Phosphorylation of inactive glycogen synthase and active glycogen phosphorylase
39
insulin acts on and performs
dephospho rylation of active glycogen synthase and inactive glycogen phosphorylase
40
Glut-1 and Glut-3 are passive facilitative and act on
brain,kidney and placenta
41
only active glut receptor
Glut-4
42
_____are polymers of carbohydrate derivatives, especially amino acid sugars and ironic acids
glycosaminoglycans
43
_______are small peptides with GAGs and serve as structural components of cell walls
peptidoglycans
44
______are proteins with attached GAGs
proteoglycan
45
____is the storage form of glucose in animals
glycogen
46
what is required for converting pyruvate to oxaloacetate
CO2
47
2 end products formed by pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
NADH and CO2
48
What enzyme catalyzes conversion of ADP to ATP
Pyruvate kinase
49
what catalyzes conversion of ATP to ADP
phophofructokinase
50
what is responsible for a1-6 bonding in glycolysis
branching enzyme
51
what enzyme catalyzes the formation of NADH in both aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
52
what 2 things are req'd to convert pyruvate to acetyl coA
CoASH and thiamine pyrophosphate
53
what pathway produces glucose-1-phophate as end product
glycogenolysis
54
krebs cycle occurs in
mitochondria
55
NADH is produced by______rxns
dehydrogenase
56
FADH2 is produced by________rxns
succinate dehydrogenase
57
GTP is formed by ________ synthetase
succinyl-CoA
58
In high energy state, OAA can be turned into
Aspartate
59
In high energy state, citrate can be converted to
acetyl CoA to FFA
60
in high energy state, a-ketoglutarate can be converted to
glutamine
61
in high energy state, succinyl-CoA is converted into
heme
62
Complex 1 of ETC deals with
NADH-Q
63
ETC occurs in
innermitochondrial membrane
64
what is primary electron donor in ETC
NADH
65
oxidation of NADH and FADH2 respectively yield
3 and 2 ATP each
66
what coenzymes are involved in oxidative phosphorylation
Vit B2 (FAD) and B3(NAD)
67
krebs cycle results in production of both
NADH and FADH
68
what catalyzed formation of GTP in krebs
succinate thiokinase
69
Mg is req'd for
succinate thiokinase (anything involving ATP/GTP)
70
SAFAs found in
animal fats
71
PUFAs found in
vegetable oils
72
Olive oil high in
oleic acid (MUFA)
73
Non synthesized PUFAs
Linoleic acid (omega 6) and a-linolenic acid(omega 3)
74
arachidonic acid
omega 6
75
eicosapentaenoic acid
omega 3
76
steroids act on _______ to inhibit inflammation
lipid bilayer (strongest inhibitor) and inhibit phospholipase A2
77
NSAIDs act on _______to inhibit inflammation
cyclooxygenase
78
carry TG's from intestines to liver and adipose
chylomicron
79
carry new TG's from liver to adipose
VLDL
80
increase free cholesterol and cholesterol esters
IDL
81
increase free cholesterol and cholesterol esters and carry cholesterol from liver to other tissues (bad cholesterol)
LDL
82
free cholesterol scavenger from tissues back to liver
HDL (increased by aerobic exercise)
83
acyl CoA cholesterol acyl tranferase
converts cholesterol to cholesterol esters for storage in cells
84
LCAT is used
to convert free cholesterol into cholesterol esters in peripheral tissues
85
Hormone sensitive lipase
mobilizes adipose triglycerides by cutting them into FFAs and glycerol due to release of Epi, NorEpi, GH, and/or thyroxine to use in gluconeogenesis
86
lipoprotein lipase
cleaves lipoproteins (VLDL, chylomicrons)
87
phopholipase A2
cleaves phospholipids and releases fatty acids for eicosanoid synthesis
88
acetyl CoA carboxylase
converts acetyl CoA to malonyl CoA for fatty acid synthesis
89
_____is carrier to transport acetyl CoA into mitochondria
Carnitine
90
3 ketone bodies
acetone
B-hydroxybutyrate
acetoacetate
91
what is rate limiting step in biosynthesis of cholesterol
HMG-CoA reductase
92
M.S. is characterized by a lack of ________ in white matter and deficiency of GABA
sphingolipids
93
niemann pick disease
sphingomyelinase deficiency
94
tay sachs disease
defect of hexoseaminidase
95
pancreatic lipase
digestion of dietary lipids in gut
96
lipoprotein lipase
responsible for transfer of lipids from blood into cells
97
Essential Amino Acids
```
PVT TIM HALL
Phenylalanine
Valine
Threonine
tryptophan
isoleucine
methionine
histidine-adults can synthesize
arginine- adults can synthesize
leucine
lysine
```
98
3 Aliphatic AA's
BCAA's-Val, Leu, Ile
99
1 hydroxyl AA
Tyrosine
100
2 sulfur containing AA's
Cys, Met
101
4 aromatic AA's
His, Phe, Tyr, Trp
102
Phenylalanine->tyrosine->catechol->catecholamine->
->norepinephrine->epinephrine
103
Glutathione (GSH)
intracellular antioxidant
104
Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH)
from hypothalamus and stimulates pituitary
105
Substance P
pain NT
106
Kinins (bradykinin and kallidin)
vasodilating
107
opiopeptides
analgesic action
108
orexigenic peptides
INCREASE appetite
Ex:
Insulin-pancreas
Ghrelin-stomach
109
Anorexigenic peptides
Decrease appetite
Ex:
Cholecystokinin-intestine
Leptin- adipocyte
110
Primary protein structure
Connected by peptide bonds
111
Secondary protein structure
```
Include:
a-helix,
B-pleaded sheet
B-bending
Random coil
H-bonding
```
112
Tertiary protein structure
3-D structure of protein
113
Quaternary Structure
Hemoglobin
114
Collagen is
most abundant protein in body
115
Most abundant AA in collagen
glycine
116
hydroxylation of proline by
prolyl hydroxylase (req Fe, Vit C, O2)
117
hydroxylation of lysine by
lysyl hydroxylase (req Fe, Vit C, O2)
118
Histidine forms
histamine
119
Phenylalanine forms
tyrosine->catecholamines (dopamine, norepi, epi)
120
Tryptophan forms
serotonin and melatonin
121
Tyrosine forms
melanins
122
Enzyme for following rxns:
Oxaloacetate to/from Asparatate
a-ketoglutarate to/from glutamate
glutamate dehydrogenase
123
enzyme for
| glutamate to glutamine
glutamine synthetase w/ Mg
124
enzyme for asparatate to asparagine
aspartate synthetase
125
urea cycle is site for what AA synthesis
Arginine
126
Glucose alanine cycle has 3 comments that are not consumed, they are
Pyruvate, alanine, glucose
127
maple syrup urine disease
defect in BCAA metabolism
128
Phenylketonuria
genetic deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase
129
alkaptonuria
tyrosine metabolism interrupted
130
primary hyperoxaluria
Vit B6 deficiency inhibits glycine transaminase
131
sulfite oxidase dysfunction
cysteine AA metabolism disrupted
132
albinism
defect in tyrosinase
133
Excess protein consumption leads to
Diabetes, hypercalciuria, osteoporosis, elevated BUN
134
which 2 AA's are ketogenic only
Leucine and Lysine
135
nitrogen atom of heme is derived from which AA
glycine
136
2 features of mRNA
7-methylguanosine triphosphate cap and poly A tail
137
tRNA features
hairpin loops, anticodon, CCA on 3' end
138
purine metabolism
| G6Pase deficiency related to
von gierkes disease
139
purine metabolism
| HGPTase deficiency related to
Lesch Nyan Disease
140
purine metabolism
| Xanthine oxidase deficiency related to
hypouricemia
141
Purine metabolism
| Adenosine deaminase deficiency related to
SCID
142
Pyrimidine synthesis reqs
NAD, NADPH, OMP
143
Purine synthesis requires
Gly, IMP
