Biochem Unit One

Question 1

Enzymes

Answer 1

→ act as a catalyst, lowers activation energy
→ globular shape
→ “ase”
→ weakens bonds
→ their shapes are highly specific and unique

Question 2

how enzymes work

Answer 2

Substrate ( molecule allowing reaction to happen), attaches to enzymes active site and breaks it down into its monomers

Question 3

Co-enzymes

Answer 3

Work with other enzymes

Question 4

Co-factors

Answer 4

Non-organic helpers help enzyme function (metals)

Question 5

Competitive inhibition

Answer 5

Competes with substrate by taking the active site, the enzyme can’t function and become “complex” without its specific substrate

Question 6

Non-competitive inhibition

Answer 6

Bonds to the enzyme at another site “ the allosteric site” and it pulls it around/ stretches it to change its shape where now the substrate can’t attach and can’t preform its function

Question 7

Passive transport

Answer 7

Movement from an area of high concentration to low concentration, and goes with the flow not against it (along the gradient)

3 types:
→ diffusion
→ facilitated transport
→ osmosis

Question 8

Diffusion

Answer 8

Moves gos particles (oxygen) through the phospholipid bilayer

No energy is required and they go from high to low concentration

Particles reach a dynamic equilibrium

Question 9

Osmosis

Answer 9

Movement of water, uses aquaporins to transport from high to low concentration

Question 10

Facilitated diffusion

Answer 10

Depending on size, shape, and charge (bigger) molecules transport by the protein channel

Question 11

Types of solutions

Answer 11

One solution vs. The other solution

Loses water → hypotonic
Gains water → hypertonic
No net movement of water → isotonic

Question 12

Active transport

Answer 12

Particles move against the gradient and energy is required

Movement requires a specific carrier protein

2 types:
→ endocytosis
→ exocytosis

Question 13

Endocytosis

Answer 13

Cells take IN large/polar molecules through the semipermeable membrane

3 types:
→ phagocytosis: cell eating
→ pinocytosis: cell drinking
→ receptor-mediated: receptor proteins bind with specific molecules on the outside of the cell

Question 14

Exocytosis

Answer 14

Content of secretory vesicles more out of the cell using transport vesicles

Question 15

Glycoproteins and glycolopids

Answer 15

Involved in all recognition

Question 16

Cholesterol

Answer 16

Provide structure to cell membrane

Prevents it from liquifying at high temperatures

Question 17

Peripheral proteins

Answer 17

Loosely/ temporarily attached to outside of call membrane

Can be involved with signalling

Question 18

Receptor proteins

Answer 18

Bind signal molecules like hormones, cause a change in receptors shape, leads to a cellular response

Question 19

Protein channels

Answer 19

Transport things in and out of the cell

Question 20

Phospholipid (Bilayer)

Answer 20

Maintains call structure and encloses it
Has a different composition within the cell compared to its environment

Hydrophilic heads lined up (non-polar)
Hydrophobic tails on the inside of lineup (polar)

Question 21

Cytoskeleton

Answer 21

Maintains cell structure

Question 22

Why is it called “fluid mosaic model”

Answer 22

Fluid: phospholipids can change positions and protons float down
Mosaic: there are lots of different parts

Question 23

Internal proteins

Answer 23

Go from one side of the cell membrane through to the other

Question 24

Protein pumps

Answer 24

Aka “transport proteins’
Mores other materials across the membrane

Require energy (ATP) to move large polar molecules

Question 25

Denaturation

Answer 25

The unravelling of a protein Temperature, pH, ionic concentration → can cause . proteins to change their shape (denature) and lose their function Useful: straightening hair, chewing food Dangerous: high fever damaging important enzymes, leading to death

Question 26

Macromolecules

Answer 26

1. Carbohydrate 2. Lipid 3. Protein 4. Nucleic acid

Question 27

Carbohydrates

Answer 27

1 carbon 2 hydrogen 1 oxygen Monosaachrides → hydroxyl, polar: glucose, fructose, galactose Disaccharides → 2 monosaachrides: hydroxyl, polar: lactose, sucrose, maltose Polysaachrides → 3 or more monasaachrides: hydroxyl, polar: starch, cellulose, glycogen exoskeleton Bonds: glycosidic linkage Type of reaction: anabolic condensation Function: energy storage

Question 28

Lipids

Answer 28

Triglyceride: glycerol head, 3 fatty acids: non-polar: hydroxyl, carbonyl, carbonyl: energy storage, insulation: saturated fats = solid at room temp and no double bond, unsaturated fats = liquid at room temp and double bond present Phospholipid: glycerol head, 2 fatty acids, phosphate group: hydroxyl, carbonyl, carbonyl, phosphate group: hydrophobic tails, hydrophilic head: produces cell membrane, holds cell together Wax: long fatty acid chain: non-polar: barrier to water Steroids: hydroxyl, carbonyl: non-polar: hormones, membrane structure Type of bond: ester bonds Anabolic condensation

Question 29

Proteins

Answer 29

Linear polypeptides = primary and Secondary → always polar: catalyze reactions, transport substances, muscle contractions, defence against disease Globular polypeptides = tertiary and quaternary → usually polar sometimes non-polar: collagen, hemoglobin, enzymes Subunits: amino acids Functional groups present: carbonyl (just protein), hydroxyl, sulfhydryl, amino, carboxyI Types of bond: peptide bonds Anabolic condensation reaction

Question 30

Nucleic acid

Answer 30

Subunits: nucleotides → phosphate, 5 carbon sugar, nitrogenous base Functional groups: phosphate, carbonyl, amino, hydroxyl Anabolic condensation DNA: phosphodiester bonds, hydrogen bonds: hereditary info RNA: phosphodiester bonds: transport hereditary, protein synthesis

Question 31

Anabolic

Answer 31

Two or more into one Condensation Produces water

Question 32

Catabolic

Answer 32

Cut it up Hydrolysis Needs water

Question 33

Hydroxyl

Answer 33

-OH

Question 34

Sulfhydryl

Answer 34

- SH

Question 35

Amino

Answer 35

NH2

Question 36

Carbonyl

Answer 36

Ketone: C = O Aldehyde: C=O-H

Question 37

Carboxyl

Answer 37

C=O-OH

Question 38

Phosphate group

Answer 38

0-P=0-0