Biochemical basis of neuropsychiatric disorders Flashcards
(109 cards)
1
Q
what are the biogenic amines
A
acetyl choline dopamine norepinephrine epinephreine serotonin malatonin histamine
2
Q
what are the biogenic amines derived from tyrosine
A
DA, NE, and epi
3
Q
what are the biogenic amines derived from indolamines
A
5Ht and melatonin,
4
Q
what are the amino acid neurotransmitters
A
glu, asp, gly, GABA, ser, Cys
5
Q
names of the purigenic neurotransmitters
A
adenosine, UTP, ATP, ADP and ApnA (diadenosine)
6
Q
D1 and D2
A
excitatory, increase cAMP
7
Q
D2-D4
A
inhibitory, decreases cAMP
8
Q
5HT1 and 5Ht5
A
inhibitory, decreases cAMP
9
Q
5Ht2
A
excitatory, increases IP3/DAG
10
Q
5Ht3
A
excitatory, ligand gated sodium channel
11
Q
5HT4,6,7
A
excitatory increases cAMP
12
Q
alpha 1
A
excitatory, increases IP3, DAG, NE>EPi
13
Q
alpha 2
A
inhibitory- decreases CAMP, epi> NE
14
Q
beta 123
A
excitatory, increases cAMP
15
Q
H1
A
excitatory, increases IP3 and DAG
16
Q
H2
A
excitatory increases cAMP
17
Q
H3,4
A
inhibitory- decreases cAMP
18
Q
N12
A
excitatory, ligand gated sodium channel
19
Q
M13,5
A
excitatory, increases IP3, DAG
20
Q
M2,4
A
decreases cAMP
21
Q
AMPA and kainate
A
excitatory sodium channels
22
Q
NMDA
A
excitatory sodium and calcium channels
23
Q
mGLU R 1 and 5
A
excitotry increases IP3, DAG (class I)
24
Q
mGLU r 2,3,4,6,7,8
A
inhibitory, decreases cAMP
25
GABA receptors
all are inhibitory
26
GABAa
ligand gated chloride channel
27
GABAb
second messenger triggered potassium channel
28
GABAc
ligand gated chloride channel
29
Gly
inhibitory, ligand gated chlroide channel
30
all neurohomrone s
exchitatory, increased IP3 and DAG except arginine vasopresin receptor 2
31
all tachykinin receptors
excitatory increases IP3 and DAG
32
delta, leu-met-enkephalin
2nd messenger trigger potassium channel
33
kappa, dynorphin
inhibitory decreases caMP
34
mu, enkelphins and endorphins
2nd messenger, triggered potassium channel
35
what are the clinical characteristics of parkinson's disease
tremos, kradykinesia, rigidity, and postural instability
36
lewy bodies are characteristic of what disease ?
parkinson's disease
37
loss of what is characteristic of parkinson's disease
substantia nigra
38
what commonly coexists with parkinson's disease
alzheimer disease
39
where is dopamine found
midbrain, substansia nigra, pars compacta and ventral tegmental area
40
main targets of dopamine
striatum, limbic cortex, amygdala, nucleus acumbens, prefrontal cortex (D1-5), movements, initiative, working memory
41
what is the function of dopamine
movements, initative and working memory
42
substantia nigra pars compact pathway
mesostraital (migrostraital) to straitum (putamen and caudate
43
what is the mesolimbic pathway
VTA to limbic (cingulate corttex)
44
mesocortical pathway
VTA to cortex (prefrontal, and entorhinal)
45
negative symptoms of schinzoprhenia are from
mesocritcal pathway
46
cognitive aspects of parkinsons is daamge to what
mesocrotical pathway
47
what percentage of nigral cells must be lost before we start showing symptoms of parksinson
80-90%
48
dopamine is synthesized from
phenylalanine to tyrosine to dopa to dopamine
49
most common treatment for Parkinson's disease
L dopa given with carbidopa
50
can DA cross bbb
NO
51
can L dopa cross the BBB
YES
52
function of carbidopa
blocks the conversion of L dopa to DA but does NOT cross BBB thus blocks conversion of L dopa to DA outside of the brain
53
Dopamine receptor agonists
bromocriptine
54
blocks degradation of dopamine (COMT I)
tolcapone, entacopone
55
blcoks degradation of dopamine (MAOI)
deprenyl and selegiline
56
___is a drug used to treat hypertension that inhibits dopamine stroage
reserptine
57
D2 receptor antagonists that treat are used as antipsychotics but cause parksinon like symptoms
chlorpromazine, loxapine and halperidol
58
what is a side effect of L-Dopa
hallucinations
59
action of amphetamines on DA
increase release
60
action of cocaine and tricyclic antidepressants on DA
blocks the reuptake of DA
61
D3 + D5 project to
hypothalamus
62
D1-D2 project to
corpus striatum
63
_______and ______are important for basal ganglia function
dopamine and acetylcholine
64
two environmental toxins thought to cause Parkinson's disease
paraquat and manganese
65
what are the positive symptoms of schizoprenia
hallucinations, delusions, bizarre behavior
66
what are the negative symptoms of schizoprenia
social withdrawal, emotional blunting
67
enlarged ventricles is indicative of
schizophrenics
68
what neurotransmitters have been indicated in neurotransmitters
AcH, DA, serotonin, GABA and Glu
69
excess activiation of D2 receptors indicates
schizpprhenia
70
schizoprehnia occurs via the
mesolimbic pathway which projects to the cinglate cortex, nucleus accumbens, amygala, hipocampus, and parahippocampal gyrys, and meidal orbital frontal cortex
71
serotoninc cell bodies are located
midbrain and pons: raphe nuclei
72
main target of serotonin
entire CNS
73
function of serotonin
mood elevation
74
function of melatonin
regulates endocrine rhythms
75
both melatonin and serotonin are derived from
tryptophan
76
what are the structural abnormlaities in the medial temporal lobe in schizophrenics
altered orientation of the hippocampal pyramidal cells which affects the molecules involved in cell migration and adhesion during brain development, and enlarged ventricles
77
typical antipsychotics
target D2 receptors but are not specific and can cause parkinsonion symptoms
78
atypical antipsychotics do wha t
inhibit 5Ht2 receptors (much better tolerated)
79
5Ht1a agonist
novel anxiolytics
80
Ht1 bdf agonists
migraine headaches
81
5 HT2 ac agonists
hallucinations
82
5 Ht2 ac antagonists
antipsychotics
83
5Ht2b agonists
cardiotoxic
84
5Ht3 antagonists
antinasua
85
ssri's
antidepressants, anxiolytics and anorexics
86
MAOaI
antideperessens, elevates NE
87
where is the MT1 receptor
pars tuberalis of pituitary gland, and suprachiasmatic nuclei of hypothalamus
88
where is the MT2 receptor
mainly in retina
89
where is Noreepinephrine found
pons: locus cereleus and lateral tegmental area
90
function of NE
alertness and mood elevation
91
Dopamine can form
NE and Epi
92
function of tyrosine hydroxylase
converts tyrosine to L dopa
93
function of DOPA decarboxylase
converts L dopa to dopamine, requires vitamin B6, drug a methyldopa inhibits this enzyme
94
function of dopmain beta hydroxylase
converts dopamine to NE (requires vitamin C)
95
PNMT function
converts NE to epi (induced by glucocorticoids as part of Epi stress response and requires SAM as a cofactor
96
Dopamine is broken down into
DOPAC, 3MT and HVA
97
what is function of MAP on DA
converts it to DOPAC
98
function of COMT on DA
converts to 3MT
99
MAO converts 3MT t
HVA
100
COMT converts DOPAC to
HVA
101
Epi is broken down by COMT to create ________ and further broke down by MAO to create _______. Also is broken down by MAO to create ____ which is further broken down to _______by COMT
MET, VMA
| MA, VMA
102
NE is broken down by MAO to form ______ and broken down by COMT to form
NM
103
NM can be broken down by MAO to form
VMA
104
where is histamine found
hypothalamus: tuberomamillary nucleus; midbrain, reticular formation
105
function of histamine
alertness
106
histamine is synthesized from
histidine (histidine decarboxylase)
107
where are H2 receptors found ?
stomach
108
H3 are
primarily autoreceptors and may act presynpatic inhibitory receptors
109
H4 recceptors are primarily found where
bone marrow and white blood cells
