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Comp Exams > BioChemistry > Flashcards

BioChemistry Flashcards

1
Q

The macromolecules

A
  • Proteins, lipids, carbs, nucleic acids.

- All polymers made up of monomers

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2
Q

Dehydration Synthesis

A

Subunits added together by removal of water

+ enzymes

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3
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Subunits removed by adding water (+ enzymes)

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4
Q

Carbohydrates

A
  • CH2O
  • Common food source
  • Storage form of food source
  • Structural importance
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5
Q

Monosaccharides

A
  • Simple sugars
  • Subunits of carbs
  • can exist in linear form, but mostly rings
  • Classified by how many C atoms
  • Common 5-C: ribose and deoxyribose
  • Common 6-C: glucose, fructose, galactose
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6
Q

Disaccharides

A

.-Two covalently bonded monosaccharides

-Common: sucrose and lactose

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7
Q

Polysaccharides

A
  • Composed of multiple monosaccharides

- Common: glycogen and cellulose

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8
Q

Proteins

A
  • Make up 50% of dry weight of cell
  • Enzymes, movement, carriers, transporters
  • Composed of amino acids
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9
Q

Amino acids

A
  • 20 AA’s, but bacteria use 22
  • Sides chains give each their own properties
  • Have amino group, carboxyl group and side chain
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10
Q

Peptide Bonds

A
  • AA’s connected by peptide bonds
  • Covalent bond
  • Formed by dehydration synthesis
  • Proteins always made starting at the amino end
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11
Q

Primary Structure

A

-Sequence of AA’s

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12
Q

Secondary Structure

A
  • Folding arrangement of the polypeptide chains
  • a-helix
  • B-sheet
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13
Q

Tertiary Structure

A
  • Folding of secondary in specific shape

- globular and fibrous are most common

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14
Q

Quaternary Structure

A
  • The level of arrangement

- Tertiary structures interacting

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15
Q

Nucleic Acids

A
  • Polymers of nucleotides connected by phosphodiester bond

- DNA and RNA

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16
Q

Nucleotides

A
  • P group, sugar, nitrogenous base
  • the nitrogenous base is what differs
  • pyrimidines: C, U, T (one ring)
  • purines: A, G (two rings)
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17
Q

Central Dogma

A
  • The process by which the instructions in DNA are converted into a functional product.
  • Nucleus, mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, protein
  • Proposed by Francis Crick
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18
Q

Lipids

A

-Three kinds: true fats, phospholipids, steroids

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19
Q

True Fats

A
  • FA connected (hydrophobic) to glycerol (hydrophilic)
  • Long chain of hydrocarbons (CH) connected to organic acid (COOH)
  • Monoglycerides: one FA
  • Diglycerides: two FA
  • Triglycerides (TAG): three FA
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20
Q

Saturated fats

A
  • Single bonds in FA chain

- solid at room temperature due to tight packing

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21
Q

Unsaturated fats

A
  • Double bonds in FA chain
  • not as many H
  • liquid at room temperature due to less packing
  • Named by location of double bond using omega and number of carbon first bond is.
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22
Q

Phospholipids

A
  • One FA tail is replaced with P group, which carries a negative charge.
  • Polar head, P group, FA chain
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23
Q

Steroids

A
  • Composed of four interlocked rings
  • Cholesterol is more common
  • Also used in manufacturing hormones
24
Q

Macroelements

A
  • Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorous

- Required in large amounts

25
Q

Trace elements

A

Required in small amounts

26
Q

Growth Factors

A

Some microbes are able to synthesize organic molecules from macroelements. When they cannot, these are called growth factors and are obtained from the environment.

27
Q

The three growth factors

A

Pyrimidines/purines, amino acids, vitamins

28
Q

Passive Diffusion

A
  • Process by which molecules move from a region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration.
  • The rate of diffusion depends on size of gradient on either side
29
Q

Producers

A

Plants and other photosynthetic organisms that convert light energy into chemical energy,

30
Q

Consumers

A

Organisms that feed on producers and other consumers such as animals.

31
Q

Genome

A

What the Entire genetic instructions of an organism inherits

32
Q

Negative feedback

A

Accumulation of an end product slows another process.
Stimulus, sensor, control, effector
Example: body temp decreases, nerve sense decrease, hypothalamus active, shiver to warm up

33
Q

Positive feedback

A

Some as negative except end product speeds up it’s production
Example: wound to tissue release chemicals, signal platelets activation, attract more platelets, wound clots

34
Q

Natural selection

A

Process where organisms better adapt to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring based on the environment selecting for the propagation of certain traits.

35
Q

Inductive reasoning

A

Derived generalizations based on large number of specific observations.

36
Q

Hypothesis

A

Tentative answer to a well-framed question that can be tested by observations or experiments.

37
Q

Deductive reasoning

A

Process of arson from one or more statements to reach a logical conclusion.

38
Q

Theory

A

Broader than a hypothesis.

A system of ideas intended to explain something with massive amount of evidence.

39
Q

Matter

A

Anything that takes up space and has mass

40
Q

Element

A

Substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions.
118 elements

41
Q

Compound

A

Substance containing two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio.

42
Q

Atom

A

Smallest unit of matter that still retains properties of an element.

43
Q

Isotope

A

Different atomic form of an element.

Most common is carbon-12

44
Q

Potential energy

A

Energy that matter posses because of its location or structure.
Energy at rest

45
Q

Electronegativity

A

Attraction of a particular kind of atom for the electrons of a covalent bond.
Increases towards gases.

46
Q

Chemical rxn

A

Making and breaking of chemical bonds leading to changes in composition.

47
Q

Polar molecule

A

Opposite ends of molecule have opposite charges

48
Q

Cohesion

A

Hydrogen bonds holding a substance together

49
Q

Adhesion

A

Clinging of substance to another

50
Q

Surface tensions

A

measure of how difficult it is to break or stretch the surface if a liquid

51
Q

Kinetic energy

A

Anything with motion

52
Q

Steroids

A

Lipids characterized by carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings

53
Q

Cholesterol

A

Steroid
Component of animal cell membranes
Other steroids are synthesized from

54
Q

Intercellular

A

located or occurring between cells

55
Q

Intercellular

A

Inside the cell

56
Q

Extracellular

A

Taking place outside the cell

Comp Exams (3 decks)

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