Biochemistry Flashcards
(197 cards)
1
Q
Science concerned with the chemical basis of life.
A
Biochemistry
2
Q
Chemical constituents of living cells and with the reactions and processes they undergo.
A
Biochemistry
3
Q
A general term referring to organic compounds essential to life.
A
Biochemistry
4
Q
Biochemistry comes from the words: ________ + _________.
A
Bios (life)
Chemistry
5
Q
What percentage of the cell is made of water?
A
70 75%
6
Q
What percentage of the cell is made of organic molecules?
A
25 - 30%
7
Q
These are inorganic molecules present in a cell.
A
Trace Elements
8
Q
What are the 4 organic molecules present in a cell?
A
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
9
Q
What are the 3 distinct parts of the cell?
A
Nucleus
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm
10
Q
Control center of the cell that contains genetic material.
A
Nucleus
11
Q
What are the 4 parts of the nucleus?
A
Nuclear Membrane
Nucleoli / Nucleolus
Nucleoplasm
Chromatin / Chromosomes
12
Q
Where the exchange of material between the nucleus and the rest of the cell occurs.
A
Nuclear Pores
13
Q
Main determinant whether the cell is eukaryotic or prokaryotic.
A
Nuclear Membrane
14
Q
What are the 4 membrane - bound organelles?
A
Mitochondria
Lysosomes
ER
Golgi Apparatus
15
Q
Old term for bacteria.
A
Archaea
16
Q
Ribosomal sub - unit of prokaryotes.
A
30s + 50s = 70s
17
Q
Ribosomal sub - unit of eukaryotes.
A
40s + 60s = 80s
18
Q
Eukaryotes have ________ DNA.
A
Linear
19
Q
Prokaryotes have __________ DNA.
A
Circular
20
Q
Units of ribosomal sub - unit.
A
Svedberg Unit
21
Q
Shiga toxin inhibits the ______ ribosomal sub - unit.
A
60s
22
Q
Has a true nucleus.
A
Eukaryotes
23
Q
True or False: Prokaryotes have a true nucleus.
A
FALSE
24
Q
True or False: Prokaryotes have a true nucleus.
A
FALSE
25
The only bacteria with a linear DNA / chromosomes.
Borrelia burgdorferi
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These are extrachromosomal DNA elements present in prokaryotes.
Plasmids
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Covalently closed circular DNA.
Plasmids
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Imparts resistance to bacteria.
Plasmids
29
Imparts resistance to bacteria.
Plasmids
30
Circular, double - stranded piece of DNA, not surrounded by a nuclear membrane.
Nucleoid
31
True or False: Nucleoids are surrounded by a nuclear membrane.
False
32
Site of ribosomal assembly.
Nucleolus
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Also called nuclear matrix.
Nucleolus
34
Contains enzymes involved in the synthesis of DNA and RNA.
Nucleolus
35
The nucleoplasm is also called ___________.
Karyoplasm
36
Threadlike structures in the nucleus that are present when the cell is not dividing.
Chromatin
37
Rod - like structures in the nucleus that are present during cell division.
Chromosomes
38
Trisomy 21
Down Syndrome
39
Joins together 2 chromatids.
Centromere
40
Small basic proteins that participate in forming the nucleosomal structure of chromatin.
Histones
41
What proteins form the structure of the chromatin?
Histones
42
Decides the contour of the cell.
Cell membrane
43
Main structural component of the cell membrane.
Phospholipids
44
Phospholipids are made of 1 ___________ head and 2 ____________ tails.
1 hydrophilic / polar head
2 hydrophobic / non - polar tails
45
Responsible for the fluidity and consistency of the cell.
Cholesterol
46
Name the 5 components of the cell membrane.
Phospholipids
Glycoprotein
Glycolipids
Cholesterol
Arachidonic Acid
47
Precursor of eicosanoids.
Arachidonic Acid
48
Main structural component of plants cell membrane.
Cellulose
49
Main structural component of bacterial cell membrane.
Peptidoglycan
50
Main structural component of fungi cell membrane.
Ergosterol
51
Main structural component of animal cell membrane.
Phospholipid Bilayer
52
Main structural component of the exoskeletons of invertebrates such as arthropods, lobsters, and crabs.
Chitin
53
True or False: Gram + has a thicker peptidoglycan than Gram -
True
54
Liquid part of the cell.
Cytoplasm
55
Semi - transparent fluid that suspends other elements.
Cytosol
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Site of Glycolysis
Cytosol
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Site of Glycogenesis
Cytosol
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Site of fatty acid synthesis
Cytosol
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Not strictly an organelle.
Ribosomes
60
Site of Protein Synthesis
Ribosomes
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Site of lipid synthesis
Smooth ER
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System of fluid filled cisterns.
Endoplasmic reticulum
63
Stack of flattened cells.
Golgi apparatus
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The golgi apparatus is also called _____
Dictyosomes
65
Packagers of the cell.
Golgo apparatus
66
Contains digestive enzymes / hydrolytic enzymes.
Lysosomes
67
Site of autolysis.
Lysosomes
68
Suicidal bags
Lysosomes
69
Contains oxidative enzymes.
Peroxisomes
70
Degrade H202.
Peroxisomes
71
Powerhouse of the cell.
Mitochondria
72
Name 5 pathways that occur in the mitochondria.
Beta - oxidation, electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation, Krebs cycle, and ketogenesis
73
Microbes that are not killed by standard methods of sterilization.
Prions
74
Prions cause disease that are collectively called _______ _________.
Spongiform Diseases
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Disease caused by prions in sheep.
Scrapie
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Disease caused by prions to cattle
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy / Mad Cow Disease
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Disease caused by prions in humans.
Creutzfeldt - Jakob Disease
78
Creutzfeldt - Jakob Disease manifests in a manner similar to what disease?
Alzheimer's / Dementia
79
Creutzfeldt - Jakob Disease manifests in a manner similar to what disease?
Alzheimer's / Dementia
80
Treatment for Creutzfeldt - Jakob Disease
No cure / Incurable
81
How long does it take for CJD to become fatal?
1 year
82
True or False: Animals have a larger vacuoles compared to plants.
False
83
Stages of Interphase
G1, S, and G2
84
DNA replication stage in interphase.
S Phase
85
Refers to the division of cytoplasm at the end of mitosis.
Cytokinesis
86
Drugs that act on microtubules act on which stage of mitosis?
87
Stages of mitosis?
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase
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Chromosomal alignment stage of mitosis
Metaphase
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Nuclear reconstitution phase of mitosis
Telophase
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Chromosomal formation phase of mitosis
Prophase
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Chromosomal migration phase of mitosis.
Anaphase
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Chromosomal migration phase of mitosis.
Anaphase
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Polyhydroxy compounds with aldehyde ketone or alcohol.
Carbohydrates
94
General chemical formula of carbohydrates.
CnH2nOn
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Same kind and number of atoms but different structure and arrangement.
Isomers
96
Sweetest carbohydrate
Fructose
97
Least sweet carbohydrate
Lactose
98
What conformation is cyclohexane most stable in
Chair conformation
99
Furanose has a __ - membered ring.
5
100
Sedoheptulose has ___ carbons
7
101
Most important hexose.
Glucose
102
Also known as grape sugar
Glucose
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Also known as Wood sugar
104
Also known as wood alcohol
methanol
105
Levulose is another term for ______.
Fructose
106
Test for fructose that yield red color on positive result due to the resorcinol.
Seliwanoff
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Test for Galactose which results to crystal formation.
Mucic acid test
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Accumulation of galactose which can lead to mental retardation and cataract formation.
Galactosemia
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Galactose is also known as _____ sugar.
Brain sugar
110
What form of galactose is present in the brain?
Galactocerebroside
111
Galactose is a ___ epimer of glucose.
C4
112
Mannose is a ___ epimer of glucose.
C2
113
Mannose is the most reactive sugar for which test for carbohydrates?
Osazone / Kowarsky's Test
114
The positive result of kowarsky's test for mannose is the formation of __________.
Needle shaped crystals
115
What shape does maltose give under osazone test?
Sunflower shape
116
What shape does lactose give under osazone test?
Powder puff shape
117
What shape does lactose give under osazone test?
Powder puff shape
118
When subjected to osazone test, galactose forms ____________ crystals.
Rhombic like
119
The structure of ribose and deoxyribose differs at which carbon?
C2
120
Deoxyribose has H at C2 while ribose has ___,
OH
121
Sucrose is made of _______ + ________
Glucose + Fructose
122
Simple syrup is made with how many percent w/v of sucrose?
85%
123
The enzyme for sucrose formation is ______
sucrase
124
The enzyme for invert sugar formation is _________.
Invertase
125
What glycosidic bond does sucrose have?
alpha, beta 1,2
126
Maltose is made of _____ + _______
Glucose + Glucose
127
Maltose is made of _____ + _______
Glucose + Glucose
128
What glycosidic bond is present in maltose?
α 1,4 glycosidic bond
129
What are the disaccharides that are made of two glucose?
Maltose, Trehalose, and Cellobiose
130
What glycosidic linkage is present in cellobiose?
β–1,4
131
What glycosidic linkage is present in trehalose?
α 1,1 glycosidic bond
132
Trehalose can come from which natural source?
Fungi, ergots, or yeasts
133
Also known as milk sugar.
Lactose
134
What sugar molecules combine to make raffinose?
GAL + GLU + FRU
135
What sugar molecules combine to make maltotriose?
GLU + GLU + GLU
136
What sugar molecules combine to make Sucralose
GLU + FRU + GAL
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What sugar molecules combine to make gentianose?
GLU + GLU + FRU
138
What homoglycan is a fructan / fructosan?
Inulin
139
Glycosidic linkage present in the branches of amylopectin
α -1,6
140
Iodine test for amylose results to what color?
Blue
141
Spreading factor
Hyaluronic acid
142
Sulfated glycosaminoglycan
Chrondoitin sulfate
143
What type of glycogen storage disease will cause cardiac damage?
II (Pompe)
144
What types of glycogen storage disease will cause liver damage?
I (Von Gierke)
III (Forbes Cori)
IV (Andersen)
VI (Hers)
145
What types of glycogen storage disease will cause muscle damage?
V (McArdle) and VII (Tarui)
146
Sum total of all chemical reactions in order to maintain life.
Metabolism
147
Combination of catabolism and anabolism
Amphibolic
148
Breaking down; Energy producing
Catabolism
149
Building up; Energy requiring
Anabolism
150
What amino acids are soluble in hot water?
Cysteine and tyrosine
151
True or False: Amino acids are usually soluble in cold water.
True
152
True or False: Most amino acids are sweet,
True
153
Tasteless amino acid
Leucine
154
Bitter amino acid
Arginine
155
Amino acids that are soluble in alcohol and ether: _______ & ________
Proline and hydroxyproline
156
True or False: Amino acids are zwitterions.
True
157
The only amino acid that cannot be precipitated by alcohol.
Proline
158
The only achiral amino acid.
Glycine
159
Glycine is the only achiral amino acid. Why?
R group is substituted with H
160
How many amino acids are there?
20
161
Of all the amino acids, how many are considered essential?
10
162
Name all the essential amino acids.
Phenylalanine
Methionine
Valine
Histidine
Threonine
Arginine
Tryptophan
Lysine
Isoleucine
Leucine
163
Imino Acid
Proline
164
Give the aliphatic amino acids.
Proline
Isoleucine
Glycine
Valine
Alanine
Leucine
165
Precursor of serotonin
Tryptophan
166
Precursor of tyrosine
Phenylalanine
167
The enzyme that acts in phenylalanine to convert it to tyrosine.
Phenylalanine hydroxylase
168
Precursor of catecholamine
Tyrosine
169
Other name for tyrosine is _________.
4 - hydroxyphenylalanine
170
Precursor of melatonin
Tryptophan
171
Precursor of melanin
Tyrosine
172
Precursor of fumaric acid
Tyrosine
173
Precursor of niacin
tryptophan
174
Indole Ring
Tryptophan
175
Precursor of thyroid hormone
Tyrosine
176
Sulfur - containing amino acids.
Methionine, Cysteine, and Cystine
177
Dimer of cysteine.
Cystine
178
Methionine is the start codon: _____ (sequence)
AUG
179
This amino acid resembles alanine with OH hydroxymethyl group.
Serine
180
Aromatic amino acids.
Phenylalanine, Tyrosine, and Tryptophan
181
Uncharged / polar amino acids
Threonine
Asparagine
Glutamine
Serine
182
Imidazole Ring
Histidine
183
Most basic amino acid.
Arginine
184
What compound is responsible for arginine's basicity?
Guanido / Guanidinium
185
Precursor of histamine
Histidine
186
Arginine has a ________ taste.
Bitter
187
Positively charged amino acids.
Histidine
Arginine
Lysine
188
Negatively charged / acidic amino acids.
Glutamic Acid
Aspartic Acid
189
Branched chain amino acids
Leucine
Isoleucine
Valine
190
Pure ketogenic amino acids.
Lysine
Leucine
191
Serotonin is synthesized from which amino acid?
Tryptophan
192
What type of bond joins / links amino acids in a protein?
Peptide bond
193
Refers to geometric relationship between a given set of atoms
Configuration
194
Refers to the 3D architecture of a protein, the spatial relationships of all atoms to all the others.
Conformation
195
The secondary structure of protein is stabilized by __________ bonds.
Hydrogen Bonds
196
Refers to the overall shape of a single protein molecule.
Tertiary structure
197
Structure that results from the interaction of more than 1 protein molecule.
Quaternary structure
