Biochemistry Flashcards
(130 cards)
1
Q
Biochemistry
A
chemical composition and reactions of living matter
2
Q
Inorganic compounds
A
lack carbon, dissociate in water
3
Q
Organic compounds
A
contain carbon, do not dissociate in water
4
Q
Inorganic compounds examples
A
water, salts, acids, bases
5
Q
Organic compounds examples
A
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins
6
Q
Water makes up _ - _% of our bodies
A
60 - 80%
7
Q
Water is the most __________ of all inorganic compounds in our body
A
abundant
8
Q
Name the 5 special properties of water
A
high heat capacity, high heat of vaporization, universal solvent, hydrolysis/condensation, and cushion
9
Q
High heat capacity
A
help the body to maintain correct internal temperatures by resisting changes in temperature
10
Q
High heat of vaporization
A
cools the body down when we sweat because energy is released when liquid water turns to vapor
11
Q
Universal solvent
A
allows substances to be dissolved for reactions to take place
12
Q
Hydrolysis/condensation
A
hydrolysis breaks a bond, condensation forms a bond
13
Q
Cushion
A
protects parts like brain and skull
14
Q
Solute vs. Solvent
A
solute dissolves, solvent does the dissolving
15
Q
Salts
A
anything that dissociates to produce cations and anions
16
Q
What type of energy is given off by dissolved salts?
A
electrical energy (electrolytes)
17
Q
Why are salts important?
A
used in structure (bones and teeth), and muscle contractions
18
Q
______ acts as a storage reservoir for salts/minerals
A
bones
19
Q
The _______ maintain proper electrolyte balance
A
kidneys
20
Q
Acids
A
substances that increase hydrogen ion concentration when they dissociate
21
Q
Acids accept/donate protons
A
donate
22
Q
T/F: When an acid dissociates, H+ increases
A
True
23
Q
Bases
A
substances that decrease hydrogen concentration when they dissociate
24
Q
Bases accept/donate protons
A
accept
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T/F: When a base dissociates, H+ increases
False
26
pH
the negative log of hydrogen ion concentration
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pH is a description of the level of _____ or ______ of a solution
acidity, alkalinity
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pH is measured on a scale of _ - _
1 - 14
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The pH of an acid measures _______ 7
below
30
The pH of a base measures ______ 7
above
31
Something with a neutral pH measure ______ 7
at/equal to
32
T/F: Different parts of our body have different pH levels
True
33
What is the pH of the stomach?
2
34
What is the pH of the blood?
7.35 - 7.45
35
Carbohydrates make up _ - _% of a cell
1 -2%
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Carbohydrates include ______ and _______
sugars, starches
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The main function of carbohydrates is to be an available source of _______
energy
38
_______ is the energy currency of the body
ATP
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When we break down carbohydrates, what is used to make ATP?
sugars
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What are the 3 classes of carbohydrates?
monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides,
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Monosaccharides are called ______ sugars and consist of only __ subunit
simple, one
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T/F: monosaccharides can be absorbed across the wall of the digestive tract
True
43
Monosaccharides contain between _ and _ carbons
3 - 7
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What is the ration of carbon to hydrogen for monosaccharides?
1 : 2 : 1
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Monosaccharides get their names based on the # of ______ atoms
carbon (5 = pentose, 6 = hexose)
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What are some examples of monosaccharides?
glucose, fructose, sucrose
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Disaccharides are composed of 2 ____________
monosaccharides
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Through which chemical process are monosaccharides chemically joined to create a disaccharide?
dehydration synthesis
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T/F: disaccharides can be absorbed across the wall of the digestive tract
False
50
To be digested, disaccharides must be broken apart into monosaccharides through what chemical process?
hydrolysis
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What are some examples of disaccharides?
sucrose, lactose, maltose
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Polysaccharides are long chain carbohydrates called _______
polymer
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T/F: Polysaccharides can be absorbed across the wall of the digestive tract
False
54
Polysaccharides are not water soluble, therefore, they are ___________
nonpolar
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What are some examples of polysaccharides?
glycogen, starch
56
Lipids exist as ___ and ___
fats, oils
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Fats are ______ at room temperature
solids
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Oils are ______ at room temperature
liquids
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T/F: lipids are soluble in water
False
60
Lipids can dissolve in fats or other _______ solvents
organic
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What are the 4 types of lipids
triglycerides (neutral fats), phospholipids, steroids, eicosanoids
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Name the 3 functions of triglycerides
storage, insulation, cushion
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Triglycerides are composed of 3 ____ ______ and 1 _______
fatty acids, glycerol
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T/F: Triglycerides are polar
False
65
List the 6 classes of triglycerides
saturated, unsaturated, polyunsaturated, trans fat, Omega 3 fatty acids, Omega 6 fatty acids
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Saturated fats come from 2 sources:
produced by our bodies, consuming animal meat
67
T/F: Saturated fats don't have double bonds between carbons
True
68
T/F: Saturated fats are solids at room temperature
True
69
Saturated fats cause ________ cholesterol, and a(n) _________ risk of cardiovascular events
increased, increased
70
T/F: Unsaturated fats don't have double bonds between carbons
False, they have 1
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T/F: Unsaturated fats are solid at room temperature
False
72
Where do unsaturated fats come from?
plants
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Unsaturated fats cause ________ cholesterol, and a(n) _________ risk of cardiovascular events
unchanged, unchanged
74
T/F: Polyunsaturated fats don't have double bonds between the carbons
False, they have 2 or more
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T/F: Polyunsaturated fats are solids at room temperature
False
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Where do polyunsaturated fats come from?
plants
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Polyunsaturated fats cause _________ cholesterol, and a(n) _________ risk of cardiovascular events
decreased, decreased
78
How is trans fat made?
by adding hydrogen ions to oil at double bond sites
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Why was trans fat invented?
increased flavor
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T/F: Trans fat is a solid at room temperature
True
81
Trans fat causes ________ cholesterol, and a(n) ________ risk of cardiovascular events
increased, increased
82
Omega 3 fatty acids cause ________ cholesterol, and a(n) ________ risk of cardiovascular events
decreased, decreased
83
Where do Omega 3 fatty acids come from?
fish
84
Where is the difference between Omega 3 fatty acids and Omega 6 fatty acids?
the location of the double bond site is 3 particles in for Omega 3 fatty acids and 6 particles in for Omega 6 fatty acids
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Omega 3 fatty acids are beneficial as ___ - ________ agents
anti-inflammatory
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Omega 6 fatty acids cause ________ cholesterol, and a(n) ________ risk of cardiovascular events
decreased, decreased
87
Where do Omega 6 fatty acids come from?
fish
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T/F: Omega 6 fatty acids are beneficial for the skin
True
89
If too much Omega 6 fatty acid is taken in, it can be __ - ________
pro-inflammatory
90
A phospholipid is comprised of __ phosphate group attached to __ glycerol and __ fatty acids
1, 1, 3
91
The head of a phospholipid is _______ and the tail is _______
hydrophilic (polar), hydrophobic (nonpolar)
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T/F: Phospholipids are lipids
True
93
T/F: Steroids are lipids
True
94
Steroids have ________ derivatives
cholesterol
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Steroids have how many interlocking rings?
4
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T/F: Steroids are soluble in water
False, soluble in fats
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T/F: Steroids can cross the plasma membrane
True
98
What is the function of steroids?
Long distance chemical signaling in the body
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What are the main corresponding steroids in males and females?
testosterone for males, estrogen/progesterone for females
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Eicosanoids
biologically active lipid that is a local signaling molecule
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T/F: Prostaglandins are a subclass of steroids
False, subclass of eicosanoids
102
Proteins are comprised of long chains of ______ ______
amino acids
103
How many essential amino acids exist?
9
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Where do amino acids come from?
animals
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Amino acids are made into proteins through _______ bonds
peptide
106
How many protein structures exist?
4: primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure, and quaternary structure
107
What type of shape is primary structure?
linear
108
What kind of shape does secondary structure have?
Beta pleated sheet (folded), or Alpha helix (coiled)
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When does secondary structure occur?
when primary structure starts to coil and zig zag due to interactions with neighboring amino acids
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What is the shape of tertiary structure?
3D (coils are coiled further)
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T/F: Tertiary structure can be considered a simple protein
True
112
T/F: Tertiary structure has active sites which only certain substrates can bind to
True
113
T/F: Quaternary structure can be considered a simple protein
False, it is a complex protein
114
Quaternary structure is made of __ or more peptide chains bound together
2
115
Name the 6 types of proteins
Structural/fibrous, regulatory, contractile, immunological, transport, and catalytic
116
What do structural/fibrous proteins do?
form structure of the bodt
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What do regulatory proteins do?
act as chemical messengers that regulate activity of the body (can have fat or plant-based hormones)
118
What do contractile proteins do?
shorten themselves within muscles when stimulation occurs
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What do immunological proteins do?
function in the immune system
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What do transport proteins do?
carry molecules (hemoglobin)
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What do catalytic proteins do?
act as enzymes
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Enzymes have _____ _____ which are binded to certain substrates
active sites
123
Enzymes reduce what?
activation energy
124
What is denaturation?
When active sites are lost/distorted due to high temperature or non-optimal pH; the enzyme loses its function
125
T/F: Nucleic acids are the smallest molecules in our body
False, largest
126
What makes up a nucleotide?
nitrogenous base bound to a pentose sugar by peptide bonds
127
List the purines. List the pyrimidines.
purines: adenine & guanine
pyrimidines: thymine, uracil, & cytasil
128
What are the differences between DNA and RNA?
DNA: double helix, genetic information, deoxiribose sugar backbone, A-T; G-C
RNA: single helix, synthesizes proteins, ribose sugar backbone, A-U; G-C
129
ATP stands for what?
adenosine triphosphate
130
ATP is comprised of what?
includes an adenine nucleotide which is bound to 3 extra phosphate groups
