Biochemistry

Question 1

What are monomers?

Answer 1

Small, basic molecular units

Question 2

What is a polymer?

Answer 2

Molecule made of large number of molecules joined together

Question 3

Name the 3 elements all carbohydrates contain?

Answer 3

Carbon, Hydrogen & Oxygen

Question 4

What are the monomers in carbohydrates?

Answer 4

Monosaccharides (e.g.glucose, galactose)

Question 5

What type of sugar is glucose?

Answer 5

Hexose sugar (Monosaccharide with 6 carbon atoms in each molecule)

Question 6

Name 2 types of glucose?

Answer 6

Alpha & Beta

Question 7

In Alpha Glucose the OH is …

Answer 7

Below the plane of the ring

Question 8

In Beta Glucose the OH is….

Answer 8

Above the plane of the ring

Question 9

What is a condensation reaction?

Answer 9

Joining together of molecules with a chemical bond & the elimination of a water molecule (it’s released)

Question 10

How are monosaccharides joined together?

Answer 10

By condensation reactions

Question 11

What type of bond is formed between the 2 monosaccharides as molecules of water is released?

Answer 11

A glycosidic bond

Question 12

What is formed when 2 monosaccharides are joined together?

Answer 12

A disaccharide (with the release of water)

Question 13

What is lactose formed from?

Answer 13

From a glucose molecule and a galactose molecule.

Question 14

What is Maltose formed from?

Answer 14

From 2 a-glucose molecules

Question 15

What is hydrolysis?

Answer 15

Breaking of a chemical bond between monomers using a water molecule

Question 16

When are polysaccharides formed?

Answer 16

When more than 2 monosaccharides are joined together by condensation reactions

Question 17

a-glucose molecules are formed by what type of glycosidic bonds?

Answer 17

1,4 & 1,6 Glycosidic bonds

Question 18

Where is glycogen located in organisms?

Answer 18

Stored as small granules mainly in liver and some muscles.

Question 19

What is the purpose of glycogen?

Answer 19

Excess glucose is stored as glycogen

Question 20

Glycogen is a P….

Answer 20

Polysaccharide of a-glucose

Question 21

Describe Glycogen’s Structure

Answer 21

Short chain with lots of side branches coming off it

Question 22

Describe how Glycogen’s structure is related to its function

Answer 22

• Loads of branches and short chain = Stored glucose can be released quickly (important for energy releases).
• Very compact molecule, making good for storage

Question 23

Name the 2 types of sugars

Answer 23

Reducing & Non-Reducing

Question 24

Name 5 roles of lipids?

Answer 24

1. Energy Source
2. Flexibity in plasma membrane
3. Protection
4. Insulation
5. Waterproofing

Question 25

Elaborate on lipid's role as an energy source

Answer 25

When Oxidised, lipids = more than twice the energy per gram as carbohydrates.

Question 26

Elaborate on lipids role in the plasma membrane

Answer 26

Phospholipids contribute to flexibility of membranes & transfer of lipid soluble substances across them

Question 27

Elaborate on lipids' role in protection

Answer 27

Stored around delicate organs

Question 28

Elaborate on lipids role on insulation

Answer 28

Fats = slow conductors of heat = help retain body heat

Question 29

Elaborate on lipids role on waterproofing

Answer 29

Lipids are insoluble in water; therefore waterproof material - Mammals produce oil secretion glands in the skin

Question 30

Describe the structure of a triglyceride

Answer 30

one molecule of glycerol with 3 fatty acids attached to it

Question 31

What do fatty acids have?

Answer 31

Have long 'tails' made from hydrocarbons

Question 32

Properties in triglycerides differ due to variations in...

Answer 32

fatty acids

Question 33

What is the chemical formula for glucose?

Answer 33

C6H1206

Question 34

Describe how a triglyceride forms?

Answer 34

1. A fatty acid joins to a glycerol molecule. 2. When ester bond is formed = molecule of water is released - condensation reaction 3. Process happens twice more to form a triglyceride.

Question 35

Why are triglycerides good energy storage molecules?

Answer 35

Long hydrocarbon tails of fatty acids contain lots of chemical energy = lots of energy released when they're broken down. Therefore they produce twice as much energy per gram as carbohydrates

Question 36

Describe how the structure of a triglyceride makes them insoluble

Answer 36

- Triglycerides clump together as insoluble droplets in cells because fatty acid tails = hydrophobic tails face inwards = shielding themselves from the water with their glycosidic heads.