Biochemistry

Question 1

inhibit adenylate cyclase

Answer 1

Epinephrine α2
acetylcholine
angiotensin II
stomatostatin

Question 2

stimulate adenylate cyclase

Answer 2

Epinephrine β
ADH
ACTH
FSH
LH
MSH
TSH
PTH
glucagon

Question 3

Calcium and phosphoinositides for number of hormones

Answer 3

Alpha1-adrenergic catecholamines
Vasopressin
Gonadotropin -releasing hormone (GnRH)
Oxytocin

Question 4

activated by Group one of protein kinase cascade hormones

Answer 4

IRS (insulin receptor substrate)

Question 5

activated by Group two of protein kinase cascade hormones

Answer 5

cytoplasmic proteins (STATs)
G protein mediated activation of phospholipase C

Question 6

hormones of protein kinase cascade group 1we

Answer 6

insulin, epidermal growth factor (EGF) and insulin- like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)

Question 7

hormones of protein cascade group two

Answer 7

growth hormone and prolactin

Question 8

protein responsible for transporting cortisol

Answer 8

corticosteroid-binding globulin or transcortin

Question 9

specific proteins transporting steroid hormones

Answer 9

• corticosteroid-binding globulin, or transcortin
• Sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG)
• Androgen binding protein (ABP)

Question 10

nonspecific carrier of steroid hormones

Answer 10

Albumine

Question 10

nonspecific carrier of steroid hormones

Answer 10

Albumine

Question 11

synthesis of albumin is decreased by

Answer 11

inflammatory cytokines

Question 12

albumin synthesized in liver as

Answer 12

preproalbumin

Question 13

half life of albumin

Answer 13

20 days

Question 14

plasma oncotic pressure is maintained mainly by

Answer 14

albumin

Question 15

causes of hypoalbunemia

Answer 15

• decreased albumin synthesis (liver cirrhosis, malnutrition)
• increase losses of albumin
  increase catabolism in infection
  severe burns
  increase loss in bowel
  increase excretion by the kidneys (nephrotic syndrome)

Question 16

effects of hypoalbuminemia

Answer 16

• Edema due to low oncotice pressure make fluids move into interstitial fluid
• Reduced transport of drugs and other substances in plasma
• Reduced protein-bound calcium

Question 17

the cause of hyperalbuminemia

Answer 17

dehydration

Question 18

function of a1 antitrypsin

Answer 18

inhibit proteases produced from leucocytes and bacteria

Question 19

example of proteases

Answer 19

Digestive enzymes(trypsin, chymotrypsin)
other proteases (elastase and thrombin)

Question 20

clinical pictures of a1 antitrypsin def.

Answer 20

• neonatal jaundice with evidence of cholestasis
• Childhood liver cirrhosis
• pulmonary emphysema

Question 21

quatitative measurments of a1 antitrypsin by

Answer 21

isoelectric focusing

Question 22

location of

synthesis of a fetoprotein

Answer 22

in developing embryo and fetus by the parenchymal cells of the liver

Question 23

Elevated maternal AFP is associated by

Answer 23

Neural tube defect- anencephaly

Question 24

decreased level of maternal AFP is associated by

Answer 24

Down syndrome

Question 25

AFP is a tumor marker for

Answer 25

Hepatoma and testicular cancer

Question 26

copper containing a2 globulin

Answer 26

ceruplasmin

Question 27

how many copper atoms in ceruplasmin

Answer 27

eight

Question 28

function of ceruplasmin

Answer 28

functions as a ferroxidase and helps in oxidation (conversion) of Fe++ to Fe+++ which can be incorporated into transferrin

Question 29

increase in ceruplasmin associated with

Answer 29

pregnancy, inflammatory processes, malignancies, oral oestrogen therapy and contraceptive pills

Question 30

decrease in ceruplasmin associated with

Answer 30

Wilson’s disease and in Menke’s disease

Question 31

function of haptoglobulin

Answer 31

binds free hemoglobin so complec Hp-Hb is too large to pass through glomreulus | free Hb passes and precipitate in kidney causing kidney damage

Question 32

causes of increase Hp

Answer 32

inflammation infection injury malignancies

Question 33

causes of Hp decrease

Answer 33

hemolytic anemia

Question 34

acts as antioxidant

Answer 34

transferrin

Question 35

acts as antioxidant

Answer 35

transferrin

Question 36

Causes of decline in transferrin

Answer 36

burns, infections, malignant processes and liver and kidney diseases

Question 37

Cause of relative transferrin excess

Answer 37

Iron-deficiency anemia

Question 38

a component of human leukocyte antigen

Answer 38

B2 microglobulin

Question 39

location of B2 microglobulin

Answer 39

on the surface of lymphocytes and most nucleated cells

Question 40

causes of elevated serum levels of B2 microglobulin

Answer 40

impaired kideny disease overproduction

Question 41

B2 microglobulin is a tumor marker for

Answer 41

lymphomas leukemia multiple myeloma

Question 42

classification of C reactive protein

Answer 42

B2 globulin

Question 43

positive acute phase protein

Answer 43

a1 antitrypsin ceruplasmin haptoglobulin C reactive protein fibrinogen | ACH FC

Question 44

function of the C reactive protien

Answer 44

its role to bind to phosphocoline expressed on the surface of dead cells and bacteria inorder to activate complement system

Question 45

onset and reacting peak duration of C reactive protein after actute insult

Answer 45

2 hours reach peak in 48 hours

Question 46

classification of fibrinogen

Answer 46

B2 globulin

Question 47

function and cause of increase of fibrinogen

Answer 47

fibrin precusour increase in acute inflammation

Question 48

mediators that increase release of acute phase proteins after injury

Answer 48

Cytokines (IL-1, IL-6) tumor necrosis factors a and B interferons platelet activating factor

Question 49

proteins decrease in inflammation

Answer 49

albumin prealbumin transferrin

Question 50

what is heme

Answer 50

is a metalloprophyrin in human, which consists of one Fe2+ coordinated in the center or the twtrapyrrole ring of protoporphyrinn IX

Question 51

porphyria cutanea tarda

Answer 51

disease caused by def. of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase, which is involved in conversion of uroporphyrinogen to coproporphyrinogen