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OAT - Biology > Biochemistry > Flashcards

Biochemistry Flashcards

(99 cards)

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1
Q

Atom

A

neutrons,protons,electrons

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1
Q

All organims are made up of

A

Matter - whatever takes up space
(ex: organisms)

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2
Q

Molecules

A

group of 2+ atoms held together

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3
Q

Electronegativity

A

ability of atom to attract electrons

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4
Q

Highly EN

A

pulls electrons close together closer to the atom

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5
Q

Lower EN

A

electrons are further apart

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6
Q

Ionic Bond

A

transfer of electrons between different EN atoms

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7
Q

Covalent

A

transfer of electrons between the same EN atoms

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8
Q

Non-Polar Bond

A

equal sharing of electrons

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9
Q

Polar Bond

A

unequal sharing of electrons (dipole - dif EN of atom)

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10
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A

A weak bond forms with molecules that have a H with a highly electronegative molecule (F,O,N)

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11
Q

Intermolecular

A

interactions within the same molecules

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12
Q

Intramolecular

A

interactions between molecules

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13
Q

Van Der Waals Interactions

A

Weak attraction, similar to hydrogen bonds however there’s more of an attraction due to the distribution of electrons

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14
Q

Excellent Solvent

A

Water - dipoles of H2O break up polar or charged ionic molecules

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15
Q

Water has…

A

High Heat Capacity - stable response to temp change, takes addition of a lot of heat before temp changes

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16
Q

Water Density

A

-Water expands when frozen and becomes less dense
-Water as a liquid is more dense
UNIQUE TO WATER

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17
Q

Water Cohesion

A
  • water is attracted to like substances due to its H bonds
  • strong surface tension as a result of high cohesion
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18
Q

Water Adhesion

A
  • water is attracted to unlike substances
    ex: wetting finger to turn the page of a book
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19
Q

Capillary Action

A

The ability of a liquid to flow without external forces (ex gravity) - water cohesion and adhesion explain this

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20
Q

Transpiration (water transport in plants)

A

Process of water going up plants due to cohesion and adhesion

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21
Q

Minerals

A

Inorganic ions that the human body needs to function
- found intracellularly and extracellularly

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22
Q

Minerals Function

A
  • bone development
  • establishing electrochemical gradient in muscle and nerve function
  • components of hemoglobin in RBC
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23
Q

Vitamins

A

organic molecules needed for human function
- water and fat-soluble vitamins

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24
Fat Soluble Vitamins
- over consumption can lead to toxic amounts in the body as the vitamins are stored in fat
25
Water Soluble Vitamins
Excess pass through in urine
26
Vitamin B
water-soluble - coenzymes or precursor to coenzymes in the metabolic process - 8 of them
27
Vitamin C
water-soluble -synthesizing collegian - deficiency can lead to "Scurvy" which is weakened connective tissue
28
Vitamin A
fat-soluble - vision - maintaining epithelium of the skin
29
Vitamin D
Fat-Soluble -regulating calcium by promoting absorption in the intestine - synthesized by the presence of sunlight
30
Vitamin E
fat-soluble - antioxidant - prevent cell damage by neutralizing the free radical
31
Free Radical
Highly unstable unpaired electrons
32
Vitamin K
fat-soluble - blood clotting by producing proteins that help with this
33
Macromolecules
larger molecules formed from smaller molecules (monomers)
34
Types of Monomers
- monosaccharides -> polysaccharides - hydrocarbons -> lipids - amino acids -> proteins - nucleotides -> nucleic acids (right side is what they form)
35
Hydrolysis
Polymers can be delinked using H2O to turn them into monomers
35
Dehydration Synthesis
Monomers are linked via this to form polymers H2O is a by product
36
Carbohydrates
function is to store energy
37
Monosaccaride
one sugar
38
Disaccaride
two sugars joined together by glycosidic bond
39
Polysaccaride
series of connected monosaccaride
40
Types of Monosaccaride
glucose, fructose (5), galactose
41
Types of Disaccarides
maltose, sucrose, lactose
42
What is maltose made of
glucose + glucose
43
What is sucrose made of
glucose + fructose
44
What is lactose made of
glucose + galactose
45
Types of Polysaccharides
starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin
46
Starch (bond type and function)
-alpha glucose molecules -energy storage in plants
47
Glycogen (bond type and function)
- alpha glucose molecules - energy storage in animals
48
Chitin (bond type and function
- beta glucose molecules + nitrogen - a structural molecule in arthropod/insect exoskeleton and fungi cell walls
49
Cellulose (bond type and function)
- beta glucose molecules - a structural molecule in plant cell walls
50
Which polysaccharides are linear
chitin and cellulose
51
What glycosidic bond can humans NOT break down
- beta linkages because humans lack the enzyme to digest them
52
Lipids
Macrocmolecules containg long hydrocarbons that are hydrophobic ex: fats, oils,steroid hormones, phospholipids
53
Lipids Function
insulation, energy storage, endocrine molecules, structural
54
Lipid Monomers
Lipids do not have repeating monomer units; lipids are made of hydrophobic carbons and hydrogen molecules
55
4 Types of Lipids
triglycerides, phospoplipids, steroids, porphyrins
56
Triglycerides
3 nonpolar fatty acid chains + glycerol backbone
57
Lipid Chemical Reaction
linked by dehydration synthesis, broken down by hydrolysis
58
Saturated Fatty Acid
No double bonds (straight chains); hard to break down because compact
59
Unsaturated Fatty Acid
contains double bonds (branched) ; easier to breakdown because less compact
60
Glycerol Backbone
3 carbon molecule
61
Fatty Acid
long carbon chains
62
Phospholipids
2 fatty acid + phosphate to a glycerol backbone hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail = amphipathic molecule
63
Steroids
three 6-membered rings + one 5 membered ring
64
Porphorins
pyrrole rings with metal atom center
65
Porphyrins Example
hemoglobin and chlorophyll
66
Hemoglobin
Fe2+ (iron) center to transport O2
67
Chlorophyll
Mg center to help absorb light
68
Cell Membrane Fluidity
how still or loose membrane is hot = too fluid cold = too rigid ideal = fluidity
69
Cell Membrane Fluidity: Cold Weather
cholesterol function plus unsaturated fatty acids to break rigidity
70
Cell Membrane Fluidity: Hot Weather
Cholesterol function and saturated fatty acid to make membrane more stiff
71
Proteins
polymers of amino acids bonded together via peptide bonds
72
Protein Monomer
Amino Acid
73
Protein Polymer
polypeptide
74
Protein Bond Type
peptide bond
75
Protein Chemical Reaction
linked by dehydration synthesis, broken down by hydrolysis
76
Protein Function
transport, structural, mechanical, enzyme, storage, antiboides, hormones, steroids, fluid balance, acid base balance, channels and pumps
77
Primary Protein Structure
sequence of amino acids connected by peptide bonds
78
Secondary Protein Structure
3D shapes of specific sections resulting from hydrogen bonding of amino and carboxyl groups of adjacent amino acids ex: alpha helices and beta sheets (hydrogen bonds)
79
Tertiary Protein Structure
entire 3D structure of proteins due to interactions of amino acids
80
Proteins: Non Covalent Interactions
h-bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophilic interactions, di sulfide bonds, van der waals forces
81
Quaternary Protein Structure
protein containing more than 1 amino acid chain
82
proteins function is determined by.....
it's shape
83
Protein Denaturation
proteins loose structure due to external forces like extreme heat, pH, salt concentration, UV light, chemicals, etc which alter function
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OAT - Biology (1 decks)

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