BIOCHEMISTRY Flashcards
(168 cards)
1
Q
It is more on the biological substances that human encounter which we process in human body that cause problems or disorders.
A
Biochemistry
2
Q
2 possibilities in biochemistry
A
- Deficiency of Substance (lack)
- Excess of Substance
3
Q
It includes analysis measurement of biochemical substances that become important in our daily life.
A
Clinical Chemistry
4
Q
It is important in monitoring body in daily life.
A
Monitoring biochemical substances
5
Q
Sugars
A
Carbohydrates
6
Q
Measuring diabetes
A
Blood glucose
7
Q
2 tests that measures blood glucose
A
- FBS (Fasting Blood Sugar)
- RBS (Random Blood Sugar)
8
Q
A test that measure blood glucose wherein it is processed in the laboratory.
A
FBS (Fasting Blood Sugar)
9
Q
A test that measure blood glucose wherein it uses skin puncture.
A
RBS (Random Blood Sugar)
10
Q
3 common dissacharides
A
Sucrose
Maltose
Lactose
11
Q
Fats
A
Lipids
12
Q
Use to develop substances.
Cholesterol, Triglycerides
A
Metabolism
13
Q
Consequences of high fats
A
Increase risk in cardiovascular diseases
14
Q
Total protein, Albumin
A
Proteins
15
Q
Major carrier protein.
Major abundant proteins.
Very important in transport.
A
Albumin
16
Q
Majority of the proteins are … which means it moves from one place to another.
A
Transport carriers or substances
17
Q
Result of dehydration or severe dehydration
A
High albumin levels
18
Q
Suffix which relates to enzymes.
A
-ase
19
Q
Enzymes includes Amylase, SGPT/ALT. What does ALT stands for?
A
Alanine Aminotransferase
20
Q
It is important in terms of co-relation.
A
Enzymes
21
Q
Also known as “markers”
A
Liver
Pancreatic
22
Q
What happens when enzymes are higher than normal?
A
There is a problem in a specific organ.
23
Q
High SGPT results to?
A
Problem in liver
24
Q
Hormones and enzymes are under what?
A
Proteins
25
What are the purpose of hormones?
Stimulate
Regulate
Counterfeit or Counter effect
26
What are the 4 hormones?
TSH (Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone)
FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone)
LH (Luteinizing Hormone)
Testosterone
27
Nucleotides
Nucleic Acids
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What are under the nucleic acids?
DNA
RNA
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Also known as "synthesis"
Metabolic Pathways
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Mono: simple; Poly: ...
Complex
31
It is the breaking down from complex to simple.
Catabolism
32
It is the building up from simple to complex.
Anabolism
33
4 structures of monosaccharides
1. Fischer Projection
2. Haworth Projection
3. Chair Conformation
4. Mutarotation
34
It is defined as "hydrates of carbon"
Carbohydrates
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Chemical Formula for carbohydrates
CHO
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Derived from the Latin word saccharum, which means "sugar"
Saccharides
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One molecule of sugar (simple sugar)
Expressed as one molecule of carbohydrates structure.
Monosaccharides
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Examples of monosaccharide
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
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2 functional groups
Aldehyde
Ketone
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Structure under aldehyde
Aldose
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Structure under ketone
Ketose
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It represents any chemical structure attached to functional group.
R
43
What group represents the C double bond O?
Carbonyl Group
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What group represents the OH?
Hydroxyl Group
45
True or false:
It cannot exist with 1 carbon. I t should be 3.
True
46
In aldehyde, the first carbon is located near...?
Hydrogen
47
Identify how many carbon and what functional group does this belong to?
Dihydroxyacetone
Ketotriose
48
Identify how many carbon and what functional group does this belong to?
D-Erythrulose
Ketotetrose
49
Identify how many carbon and what functional group does this belong to?
D-Ribulose
Ketopentose
50
Identify how many carbon and what functional group does this belong to?
D-Xylulose
Ketopentose
51
Identify how many carbon and what functional group does this belong to?
D-Psicose
Ketohexose
52
Identify how many carbon and what functional group does this belong to?
D-Fructose
Ketohexose
53
Identify how many carbon and what functional group does this belong to?
D-Sorbose
Ketohexose
54
Identify how many carbon and what functional group does this belong to?
D-Tagatose
Ketohexose
55
Identify how many carbon and what functional group does this belong to?
D-Glyceraldehyde
Aldotriose
56
Identify how many carbon and what functional group does this belong to?
D-Erythrose
Aldotetrose
57
Identify how many carbon and what functional group does this belong to?
D-Threose
Aldotetrose
58
Identify how many carbon and what functional group does this belong to?
D-Ribose
Aldopentose
59
Identify how many carbon and what functional group does this belong to?
D-Arabinose
Aldopentose
60
Identify how many carbon and what functional group does this belong to?
D-Xylose
Aldopentose
61
Identify how many carbon and what functional group does this belong to?
D-Lyxose
Aldopentose
62
Identify how many carbon and what functional group does this belong to?
D-Allose
Aldohexose
63
Identify how many carbon and what functional group does this belong to?
D-Altrose
Aldohexose
64
Identify how many carbon and what functional group does this belong to?
D-Glucose
Aldohexose
65
Identify how many carbon and what functional group does this belong to?
D-Mannose
Aldohexose
66
Identify how many carbon and what functional group does this belong to?
D-Gulose
Aldohexose
67
Identify how many carbon and what functional group does this belong to?
D-Idose
Aldohexose
68
Identify how many carbon and what functional group does this belong to?
D-Galactose
Aldohexose
69
Identify how many carbon and what functional group does this belong to?
D-Talose
Aldohexose
70
It is what you call to the second to the last carbon which defines the D or L form?
Penultimate Carbon
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What configuration if the OH is on the right side?
D-Configuration
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What configuration if the OH is on the left side?
L-Configuration
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He observed that all structures have L configuration. He is the proponent of Fischer Projection
Emil Fischer
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Mirror image of structures
Enantiomers
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Fischer Projection is a ....
2 dimensional
76
It is a cyclic structure
Haworth Projection
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If the OH is on the same side and the Anomeric Carbon is on up location.
Beta
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If the OH is on the opposite side and the Anomeric Carbon is downward.
Alpha
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Carbon attached to the C-functional group
Anomeric Carbon
80
Pyran Rings has ... carbon
6
81
Furan Rings has ... carbon
5
82
Same chemical type & size, non-mirror images. Differ in 2 carbons.
Diastereomers
83
Diastereomers differing in configuration of one carbon only.
Epimers
84
Common furanoses
Fructose and Ribose
85
A pair of near identical isomers that differ only in the anomeric carbon.
Anomers
86
Sugar alcohol obtained by reduction of glucose.
Sorbitol (Glucitol)
87
Artificial sweetener
Sucralose
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Glucose + Fructose
Sucrose
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Table sugar and a non-reducing sugar
Sucrose
90
Glucose + Galactose
Lactose
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Glycosidic Bond of Sucrose
ALPHA-1,2 GLYCOSIDIC BOND
92
Present in milk and a non-reducing sugar
Lactose
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Glycosidic Bond of Lactose
BETA-1,4 GLYCOSIDIC BOND
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Glucose + Glucose
Maltose
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Present in barley, cereal grains and non-reducing sugar
Maltose
96
Glycosidic Bond of Maltose
ALPHA-1,4 GLYCOSIDIC BOND
97
What are the 6 polysacharides?
Cellulose
Starch
Glycogen
Amylose
Amylopectin
Chitin
98
skeletal polysaccharides of plants; LINEAR POLYSACCHARIDE of D-glucopyranose joined by BETA-1,4 GLYCOSIDIC BOND
Cellulose
99
storage form of carbohydrate in animals; HIGHLY BRANCHED POLYSACCHARIDE of D-glucopyranose joined by ALPHA-1,4 GLYCOSIDIC BONDS and at branch points by ALPHA-1,6 GLYCOSIDIC BONDS
Glycogen
100
LINEAR POLYSACCHARIDE of as many as 4000 units of D-glucopyranose joined by ALPHA-1,4 GYCOSIDIC BONDS
Amylose
101
HIGHLY BRANCHED POLYSACCHARIDE of D-glucose joined by ALPHA-1,4 GLYCOSIDIC BONDS and at branch points by ALPHA-1,6 GLYCOSIDIC BONDS
Amylopectin
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(AMYLOSE + AMYLOPECTIN)
Starch
103
polysaccharides present in the EXOSKELETON OF ARTHROPODS and the CELL WALLS OF FUNGI
Chitin
104
Comprised of two sugars
Disaccharides
105
Contains 6 to 10 monosaccharide units.
Found in glycoproteins.
Play roles in cellular identity.
Oligosaccharides
106
An example of oligosaccharides wherein it is a mixture of galactose + glucose + fructose
Raffinose
107
A gelling agent
Pectin
108
proteins that bind carbohydrates specifically part of innate immune system.
Lectins
109
It inhibits neuraminidase necessary for exit of flu virus
Tamiflu
110
Polysaccharides binding in plants is called?
Phytohemagglutinins
111
polyanionic polymers of modified sugars; CELL GROWTH, CELL ADHESION, CELL PROLIFERATION
Glycosaminoglycans
112
peptides/proteins linked to polyanionic polymers of modified sugars; aka MUREIN; maintains rigidity of and shape of bacterial cell wall
Peptidoglycans
113
proteins linked to oligosaccharides
Glycoproteins
114
joined to asparagine in protein – Endoplasmic reticulum
N-Linked
115
joined to serine/threonine in protein – Golgi apparatus
O-linked
116
Serves as a major storage of energy or ATP
Carbohydrates
117
True or False:
There is a direct relationship between energy production and metabolism.
True
118
2 complex carbohydrates
Starch and glycogen
119
Specific enzyme that breaks down starch into monosaccharides.
Amylase
120
Specific Enzymes for Sucrose, Lactose, and Maltose which will breakdown complex and will not readily enter into the bloodstream
Sucrase, Lactase, and Maltase
121
Majority of monosaccharides in blood is in the form of what?
Glucose
122
ATP stands for
Adenosine Triphosphate
123
Process of braking down glucose to energy of ATP.
Decrease blood glucose
Glycolysis
124
Hormone that helps system to control sugar level in the blood which is secreted by pancreas that helps regulate glucose. Can also perform glycogenesis.
Insulin
125
Conversion of glucose to glycogen (storage for of carbohydrates). From smaller to larger. From intestine to liver.
Glycogenesis
126
Storage of glucose
Liver
127
Result of poor insulin production
problem in blood glucose regulation
128
A disease wherein there is a poor insulin or insulin deficiency.
Diabetes Mellitus
129
Major Supportive Structures:
In animals
Glycogen
Chitin
130
Major Supportive Structures:
In plants
Starch
Cellulose
131
2 connective tissues under acidic polysaccharides
Hyaluronic Acid
Heparin
132
It serves as a lubricant.
"Synovial Fluid"
Hyaluronic Acid
133
Natural anticoagulant (prevent blood from clotting)
Heparin
134
Importance or Roles of Carbohydrates
Responsible for every production.
Supportive structure.
Protection of connective tissue component
135
Important Component of Nucleic Acids
D-Ribose (RNA)
2-deoxy-ribose (DNA)
136
Classification of carbohydrates
Monosaccharide
Disaccharide
Oligosaccharide
Polysaccharide
137
3 most important biological monosaccharides:
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
138
Blood sugar also known as (dextrose)
Glucose
139
Sweetest sugar and a predominant major sugar in seminal fluid.
Fructose
140
Milk sugar
Galactose
141
Glycosidic bond is based on what structure/projection?
Haworth projection
142
Glycosidic bond of sucrose
alpha 1-2 glycosidic bond
143
Glycosidic bond of lactose
Beta 1-4 glycosidic bond
144
Glycosidic bond of maltose
alpha 1-4 glycosidic bond
145
A non-reducing sugar
Sucrose
146
A reducing sugar
Lactose
Maltose
147
It means open chain.
Reducing sugar
148
It means that both anomeric carbon are already closed.
Non-reducing sugar
149
Breast milk/cow's milk
Lactose
150
Table sugar, sugarcane, sugar beets
Fructose
151
Source of beer
Maltose
152
For fermentation of beer
Molasses
153
Composed of 3-9 units of monosaccharides
Oligosaccharides
154
Composed of 10 or more monosaccharides
Polysaccharides
155
Properties of carbohydrates
1. Generally colorless; crystalline solids
2. Generally soluble in water unlike lipids
3. Likely soluble in ethanol
156
Carbohydrate Disorders
1. Diabetes Mellitus
2. Galactosemia
3. Lactose Intolerance
4. Glycogen Storage Disease (glycogenosis)
157
What does NPO mean?
No food intake or Nothing by Mouth
158
2 tests under Diabetes Mellitus
FBS (Fasting Blood Sugar)
Urinalysis
159
Hours in fasting and the values? UNDER FBS
8 HRS
70-100 mg/dL
160
In urinalysis, if tested positive in glucose, it is called?
Glycosuria
161
This is where urine forms. Threshold (160-180). Th sugar in blood is very high that is why it is already detected in the urine.
Kidney
162
Pre-diabetes if it is ...
<126
163
Diabetes Mellitus if it is...
>126
164
Enzyme deficiency leads to metabolic disorder and is inherited.
Galactosemia
165
Enzyme responsible for converting ingested galactose to glucose.
galactose-1-phosphate-uridyl-transferase (GALT)
166
Inability to digest lactose. Lactase deficiency.
Lactose Intolerance
167
Deficiency of enzyme or transport protein affecting glycogenesis.
Glycogen Storage Disease (glycogenosis)
168
