Biochemistry

Question 1

macromolecule

Answer 1

biomolecule. A VERY large molecule

Question 2

organic

Answer 2

contains carbon(and hydrogen) and found in living things (exception: CO2)

Question 3

inorganic

Answer 3

doesn’t contain carbon

Question 4

elements in carbs

Answer 4

a 1:2:1 ratio of C H O

Question 5

chemical composition of monosaccharides

Answer 5

C6 H12 O6

Question 6

examples of monosaccharides

Answer 6

Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

Question 7

chemical composition of disaccharides

Answer 7

C12 H22 O11

Question 8

what are disaccharides

Answer 8

2 monosaccharides covalently bonded together

Question 9

examples of disaccharides

Answer 9

sucrose sugar and lactose sugar

Question 10

what are polysaccharides

Answer 10

lots of monosaccharides covalently bonded. complex carbs

Question 11

examples of polysaccharides

Answer 11

starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin

Question 12

what are monosaccharides and disaccharides examples of?

Answer 12

simple sugars

Question 13

what is starch

Answer 13

energy storage in plants

Question 14

what is glycogen

Answer 14

energy storage in animal muscles and liver

Question 15

what is cellulose

Answer 15

“fiber”, used in plant cell walls

Question 16

what is chitin

Answer 16

used in fungi cell walls and exoskeletons

Question 17

what do most names for sugars end in

Answer 17

-ose

Question 18

a sugar can become polar if …

Answer 18

there is lots of hydroxyl and carbonyl groups in it

Question 19

what are the 4 main types of biomolecules

Answer 19

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

Question 20

what elements are biomolecules mostly made up of

Answer 20

HONCPS

Question 21

Why is carbon the most important element in biomolecules?

Answer 21

biomolecules are carbon based molecules

Question 22

where is hydroxyl found

Answer 22

alcohol and sugars

Question 23

what is the general structure of hydroxyl

Answer 23

R-OH

Question 24

where is carbonyl found

Answer 24

linear sugars

Question 25

what is the general structure of carbonyl

Answer 25

R-(C=O)-R

Question 26

where is carboxyl found

Answer 26

amino acids, proteins and fatty acids

Question 27

what is the general structure of carboxyl

Answer 27

R-COOH(C double bonded with one O)

Question 28

what is the general structure of the amino group

Answer 28

R-(N-H2)

Question 29

where is the amino group found

Answer 29

amino acids and proteins

Question 30

what is the general structure of phosphates

Answer 30

R-(PO4)

Question 31

where are phosphates found

Answer 31

DNA, RNA, ATP

Question 32

what is the general structure of methyl

Answer 32

R-(CH3)

Question 33

what is the general structure of sulfhydryl

Answer 33

R-(SH)

Question 34

where is sulfhydryl found

Answer 34

cysteine

Question 35

what is dehydration synthesis

Answer 35

a chemical reaction for covalent bonding. It removes one H2O molecule

Question 36

what is hydrolysis

Answer 36

"water splitting" you add a H2O back in and use sucrase(an enzyme helper)

Question 37

monomer

Answer 37

simple molecules that combine to make up one part of a larger molecule

Question 38

polymer

Answer 38

large complex molecules made up of repeating parts(monomers)

Question 39

polypeptides are polymers made up of ____ monomers

Answer 39

amino acid

Question 40

why can we digest starch and not cellulose

Answer 40

because it is branched and madev up of alpha glucose, not beta glucose

Question 41

what elements are lipids made up of

Answer 41

C, H, O and sometimes P

Question 42

are lipids hydrophobic or hydrophilic

Answer 42

hydrophobic and nonpolar

Question 43

what are the uses of lipids

Answer 43

"long-term" energy storage, cushioning of bones and organs, heart insulation, forming cell membranes, and chemical signaling(steroids)

Question 44

what are triglycerides made of

Answer 44

1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids bonded using dehydration synthesis

Question 45

what are phospholipids made of

Answer 45

1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids and 1 phosphate group

Question 46

what are steroids made of

Answer 46

4 fused rings of carbon

Question 47

what are saturated fats saturated with

Answer 47

Hydrogens

Question 48

what type of fat is healthiest

Answer 48

polyunsaturated fats

Question 49

how do unsaturated fats compensate for less H

Answer 49

more double bonds

Question 50

how does saturation affect fatty acids

Answer 50

saturated fatty acids are solid and unsaturated fatty acids are liquid

Question 51

what are cis and trans fats

Answer 51

cis fats have the hydrogen bonded with the double bonded carbons on the same side and trans fats have the hydrogen on different sides

Question 52

what are omega-3 fatty acids

Answer 52

poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) with a double bond at the third carbon from the end of the carbon chain

Question 53

what elements are proteins made of

Answer 53

CHON and sometimes S

Question 54

what are the functions of proteins

Answer 54

structure, movement, transportation, and carrying out chemical reactions

Question 55

what are amino acids

Answer 55

monomers that are the building blocks of proteins

Question 56

how many amino acids are there

Answer 56

20

Question 57

what are dipeptides

Answer 57

2 amino acids covalently bonded

Question 58

what are polypeptides

Answer 58

lots of amino acids covalently bonded

Question 59

what are peptide bonds

Answer 59

the covalent bonding between amino acids. Connects an amino and carboxyl group

Question 60

what is the general structure of an amino acid

Answer 60

a carbon connected to an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen, and the sidechain

Question 61

what element is not found in nonpolar amino acids

Answer 61

Oxygen

Question 62

what functional groups are only found in polar amino acids and not nonpolar

Answer 62

sulfhydryl (-SH) and amine (-NH2)

Question 63

are acidic amino acids negatively or positively charged

Answer 63

negatively

Question 64

are basic amino acids negatively or positively charged

Answer 64

positively