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Biochemistry Flashcards

(93 cards)

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1
Q

Matter

A

takes up space and has ass

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2
Q

Atoms

A

neutrons, protons, and electrons

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3
Q

Molecules

A

groups of 2+ atoms held together by chemical bond (interactions between atoms)

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4
Q

Electronegativity

A

ability of atom to attract electrons

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5
Q

What does electronegativity effect

A

differing electronegativity effects what type of bond
High EN: electrons held close to nucleus

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6
Q

Ionic Bond

A

complete transfer of electrons from one atoms to another
- strong EN pulls away
difference of charge is created

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7
Q

Covalent

A

Share electrons
- similar ENs

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8
Q

Nonpolar Bond

A

equal sharing of electrons

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9
Q

Polar

A

unequal sharing of electrons due to EN, dipole created

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10
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A

weak bond that can form between molecules that have a hydrogen attached to a highly EN atom (F, O, or N) that is attracted to a negative charge on another molecule

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11
Q

Intramolecular

A

hydrogen bond within molecules

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12
Q

Intermolecular

A

hydrogen bond between molecules

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13
Q

Van der Waals Interactions

A
  • weak, transient interaction
  • attraction due to different distribution of electrons
    LARGER MOLECULE, STRONGER THE INTERACTION
    (many together, add up to a powerful force)
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14
Q

Water

A
  • highly polar
  • capable of H-bonding
  • great solvent
  • dipoles of H2O break up polar or charged ionic molecules (dissolve)
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15
Q

Hydration Shell

A

Water molecules surrounding ion (dissolve)

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16
Q

Heat Capacity

A

degree in which a substance changes temperature in response to gain/loss of heat

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17
Q

Water’s Heat Capacity

A

HIGH
- h2O stabile in response to outside temperature changes (temp stable)
- H2O has a high specific heat

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18
Q

Specific Heat

A

takes addition of a lot of heat before temp changes

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19
Q

Density of Water

A
  • water expands as it freezes –> less dense than liquid
  • H-bond becomes rigid and form crystal that keeps molecules separate
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20
Q

H2O Phase Diagram

A
  • slope separating solid + liquid is negative
  • unusual because ice is more dense
    (usually as pressure increases, density increases)
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21
Q

Adhesion

A

H2O attracted to other substances due to its polarity

capillary actions

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22
Q

Capillary Actions

A

ability of liquid to flow without external forces

(caused by adhesion and cohesion)

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23
Q

Water Transport in Plants

A

TRANSPIRATION from leaves pulls h2o upward due to adhesion and cohesion
- adhesion between cell walls and h2o
- cohesion between h2o molecules

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24
Q

Micromolecules

A

vitamins and minerals
- body can’t make but essential to function

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25
Minerals
inorganic ions Functions - bone development - component of hemoglobin in RBCs - establishing electrochemical gradients for muscle and nerve function
26
Vitamines
organic molecules Categories: H2O soluble and fat-soluable
27
Water Soluble Vitamin
excess excreted in Urine - B and C
28
Vitamin B
8 total - coenzymes or precursor to coenzymes in metabolic processes
29
Vitamin C
- collagen synthesis (connective tissue formation) - deficiency leads to scurvy - Collagen with C is strong, healthy connective
30
Fat-Soluble Vitamins
- deposited in body fat - overconsumption leads to toxic levels A, D, E, K
31
Vitamin A
- visual pigmentation (sight) - epithelial maintenance (skin)
32
Vitamin D
bone health - aids in Calcium and Phosphorus absorption - synthesized by skin in presence of sun (UV)
33
Vitamin E
- antioxidant neutralize free radicals
34
Vitamin K
blood clotting
35
Macromolecules
large polymers formed from bonding of smaller molecules (monomers) CARBS, LIPIDS, PROTEINS, NUCLEIC ACIDS - held together through covalent bonds - water involved in reaction
36
Carbohydrates
macromolecules containing C, H, and O that form sugars, starches, and fibers Primary Functions - store energy, can also be structural
37
Carb Monomoer
monosaccharide
38
carb polymer
polysaccharide
39
carb bond
Glycosidic bond
40
3 Classes of Carbohydrates
- Monosaccharide: single sugar molecules (glucose) - Disaccharide: 2 sugar molecules joined by glycosidic linkage (maltose) - Polysaccharides: series of connected monosac. (glycogen)
41
Maltose
Glucose + Glucose
42
Sucrose
Fructose and Glucose
43
Lactose
Glucose and Galactose
44
Alpha Glucose
OH group of C1 pointing below plane
45
Beta Glucose
OH group of C1 pointing above plane
46
What can our digestive system break down
only alpha glycosidic bonds
47
Starch
alpha glucose molecules - stores Energy in plants
48
Glycogen
alpha glucose molecules - stores energy in animals
49
Cellulose
beta glucose molecule (linear) - structural support (cell wall)
50
Chitin
beta glucose molecule (also contain N molecules) - fungi cell walls and insect exoskeleton
51
Lipids
long hydrocarbon chains that form hydrophobic, nonpolar molecules - not made of repeating units of monomers (every lipid monomer has different components)
52
Lipid Functions
- insulation - energy storage - structural - endocrine molecules
53
Lipid Monomer
hydrocarbons
54
lipid polymer
hydrocarbon chain
55
lipid bond
covalant
56
types of lipids
1) Triglyceride 2) phospholipids 3) steroids 4) Porphyrins
57
Triglyceride
3 nonpolar fatty acids chain attached to a glycerol backbone
58
Fatty Acid
Long Carbon Chain
59
Saturated Fatty acid
- stack densely and form fat plaques no double bond - bad for health
60
Unsaturated Fatty Acids
Double bonds
61
Phospholipids
- polar glycerol head - nonpolar fatty acid tail
62
Steroids
- 3 six-membered rings and 1 five-membered ring - hormones, cholesterol, vitamin D
63
Porphyrins
4 joined pyrrole rings with metal atom in center Hemoglobin: Fe in center Chlorophyll: Mg in center
64
Cell Membrane Fluidity
Hot: too fluid cold: too rigit
65
Prevent Cole Rigidity
cholesterol functions add space - more unsaturated
66
Prevent Hot Fluidity
cholesterol restrict movement - saturated fatty acids
67
Proteins
polymer that form polypeptides
68
protein monomer
amino acide
69
protein polymer
peptide
70
bond
peptide bond
71
Protein Functions
- structural and mechanical - act as enzymes - fluid balance - hormones - antibodies - transport - regulate acid-base balance - channels and pumps - storage
72
what is protein functioned determined by
overall shape (3D)
73
Primary Structure
- sequence of AA connected by peptide bonds - determined by sequence of mRNA
74
Secondary Structure
- 3D shaped resulting from HYDROGEN BONDING between amino and carboxylic groups on adjacent AA
75
Tertiary
3D folding pattern of a protein due to noncovalent side chain interactions between amino acid R group
76
Quaternary
protein consisting of more than one AA chain
77
Protein Denaturation
When 3D strucute and native shape of a protein is lost reverts to primary
78
Denaturing AGents
temp, pH, salt concentratioins, UV light, and chemicals
79
Nucleic acids functions
store, transmit, and express genetic info
80
Nucleic acids monomer
nucleotide
81
Nucleic acids polymer
nucleic acid
82
Nucleic acids bond
phospohdiester
83
difference between DNA and RNA structure
On C2, RNA has OH not just H U instead of T single stranded
84
Base Paid
2 nucleotides bonded together on opposite strands of DNA
85
Purines
Adenine guanine
86
Pyrimidines
cytosine, uracil, thymine
87
Structure of DNA (2 things)
antiparallel and complementary
88
Structure of DNA
- chain nucleotides on same strand linked by covalent phosphodiester bonds (P to c5) "backbone of DNA"
89
how are strands connected
opposite strands connected by weak H-bonds 2 H bonds between A and T 3 H bonds between G and C
90
Higher G and C bonds ...
higher melting temp since they have more bonds to be broken
91
Chargaff's Rule
purines = # pyrimidines
92
Structure of RNA
- polymer of nucleotides containing ribose T --> U single strange
93
Nucleoside
no phosphate group o

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