biochemistry

Question 1

a carbon atom can form

Answer 1

4 covalent bonds

allows it to build large & diverse organic compounds

Question 2

hydrocarbons

Answer 2

composed of only hydrogen and carbon

Question 3

isomer

Answer 3

molecules with the same molecular formula but difference structures

Question 4

hydroxyl group

Answer 4

—OH

Question 5

Carbonyl

Answer 5

\
C=O
/

Question 6

Carboxyl group

Answer 6

—COOH

Question 7

Amino group

Answer 7

-NH2

Question 8

Phosphate group

Answer 8

-OPO3^2-

Question 9

macromolecules

Answer 9

giant molecules

Question 10

monomers

Answer 10

subunit / building block
forms polymers

Question 11

dehydration reaction

Answer 11

links monomers to form polymers
unlinking H2O

Question 12

hydrolysis

Answer 12

adding H2O to breakdown polymers to monomers

Question 13

carbohydrates

Answer 13

• simplest carbohydrates are monosaccharides (1 sugar)
• contains a hydroxyl group & a carbonyl group
• radio of hydrogen to oxygen is always 2:1
•broken down by digestion
•provides cells with ATP

Question 14

monosaccharides

Answer 14

•ring structures
•glucose & fructose are isomers that contain the same atoms but in different arrangements

Question 15

disaccharides

Answer 15

• formed by monosaccharides
• sucrose & maltose

Question 16

Polysaccharides

Answer 16

• long chains of sugar units
• starch & glycogen (stores sugar for later use)
•cellulose - polysaccharide found in plant cell walls

Question 17

lipids

Answer 17

• fats are lipids that are mostly energy-storage molecules
• consist mainly of carbon & hydrogen atoms linked by non polar covalent bonds
• hydrophobic

Question 18

fats/triglycerides

Answer 18

made up of glycerol linked to 3 fatty acids

Question 19

Saturated fats

Answer 19

• contain only single bonds between carbon atoms
• bonds are filled with hydrogen atoms
• solid at room temp
• bad cholesterol

Question 20

unsaturated fats

Answer 20

• contains one or more double bonds between carbon atoms
• liquid at room temp (oils)
• beneficial

Question 21

Trans fats

Answer 21

• formed when liquid oils are changed into solid fats by adding hydrogen (hydrogenation)

Question 22

phospholipids

Answer 22

major component of cell membranes

Question 23

steroids

Answer 23

Often hormones

Question 24

anabolic steroids

Answer 24

synthetic variants of testosterone

Question 25

proteins

Answer 25

• composed of mainly carbon, hydrogen, oxygen • contains nitrogen •made up of amino acids ex: hemoglobin,hormones, keratin

Question 26

peptide bonds

Answer 26

bonds that hold amino acids together

Question 27

dipeptide

Answer 27

2 amino acids bonded together

Question 28

polypeptide

Answer 28

3 or more amino acids bonded together

Question 29

100+ amino acids bonded together

Answer 29

Protein

Question 30

protein/amino acid diversity

Answer 30

• 20 amino acids • each amino acid contains an amino group, carboxyl group, & an R group which distinguishes each of the 20 types

Question 31

proteins function is determined by

Answer 31

its shape

Question 32

4 levels of structure

Answer 32

1) amino acid sequence forming its polypeptide chain 2) coiling/foiling 3) 3D shape of a polypeptide 4) results from association of 2+ polypeptide chains

Question 33

Enzymes

Answer 33

Proteins that act as a biological catalyst (Speed up reactions) Building blocks are amino acids Enzyme reaction is written above the arrow Each enzyme has a specific shape which is determined by its sequence of amino acids

Question 34

How enzymes work

Answer 34

Substance binds to the active site of an enzyme Enzymes work with the substrate to lower the activation energy Active site changes shape to grasp the substrate

Question 35

Factors that affect enzyme activity

Answer 35

Temp & extreme pH can alter the enzymes shape Denatured - it cannot function Most enzymes have an optimal temp for enzyme activity