Biochemistry 4 carbohydrates

Question 1

Liver b2

Answer 1

gluconeogenesis & glycogenolysis

Question 2

liver a1

Answer 2

glycogenolysis

Question 3

pancreas b2

Answer 3

insulin secretion

Question 4

pancreas a2

Answer 4

inhibit insulin release

Question 5

adipose B3

Answer 5

lipolysis

Question 6

adipose a2

Answer 6

inhibit lipolysis

Question 7

skm B2

Answer 7

glycogenolysis

Question 8

Energy is obtained from fuel by oxidizing it to?

Answer 8

CO2 & H2O

Question 9

Fuel for energy?

Answer 9

carbohydrates, fat, and protein in the diet

Question 10

Catabolism is?

Answer 10

those reactions that transform fuel into cellular energy

breaking down fuel into ATP

Question 11

catabolic hormone?

Answer 11

glucagon

Question 12

Catabolism three stages?

Answer 12

1. Hydrolysis of complex molecules to their component building blocks
2. Conversion of building blocks to acetyl CoA (precursor that enters TCA cycle)
   • Acetyl CoA is the meeting point for all different types of molecule pathways (fat, protein)
3. Oxidation of acetyl CoA; oxidative phosphorylation ETC

Question 13

anabolic hormone?

Answer 13

Insulin

Question 14

Major fuel source for the brain and RBC?

Answer 14

glucose

Question 15

major site for glucose metabolism?

Answer 15

liver

Question 16

first step of glucose metabolism?

Answer 16

glycolysis

Question 17

the hub of carbohydrate metabolism?

Answer 17

Glycolysis

-all sugars can ultimately be converted to glucose

Question 18

Aerobic glycolysis takes place in cells with?

Answer 18

cells with a mitochondria

Question 19

Anaerobic glycolysis takes place in? 2

Answer 19

cells with no mitochondria ie RBC,

hypoxia

Question 20

where does glycolysis take place?

Answer 20

cytosol

Question 21

Anaerobic glycolysis occurs in?
7
R
T
KM
L
C
L

Answer 21

cells that are poorly vascularized or w/o mitochondria – RBC, testes, kidney medulla, lens, cornea, & leukocytes

Question 22

What enzyme produces lactate from pyruvate?

Answer 22

lactate dehydrogenase

(NADH oxidized to NAD+) – reversible

Question 23

What cause lactate to be formed during exercise ?

Answer 23

an increase in NADH production ↑ NADH/NAD+ ratio ETC can’t keep up, favors reduction of pyruvate to lactate

Question 24

Lactate build up in muscles ?

Answer 24

decrease in pH and muscle cramps

Question 25

GLUT 1 | 3

Answer 25

Blood RBC Baby/fetus Blood Brain Barrier

Question 26

GLUT 2 | 3

Answer 26

Kidney liver pancreas

Question 27

GLUT 3 | 3

Answer 27

Placenta Neuron Kidney

Question 28

GLUT 4

Answer 28

Muscle | adipose

Question 29

Which GLUT requires Insulin?

Answer 29

GLUT 4

Question 30

Glucose contains how many carbon?

Answer 30

6

Question 31

Glucose enters the cell and splits into?

Answer 31

two 3 carbon molecules that both go through glycolysis making 2 pyruvate

Question 32

The heart and liver have less NADH/NAD compared to muscles, lactate from blood is oxidized to _______through________or in the __________

Answer 32

pyruvate through gluconeogenesis or in the TCA cycle

Question 33

After an MI heart cells releases Lactate dehydrogenase into circulation, what can be a biomarker for heart damage?

Answer 33

H:heart isoform ratio higher than M:SKM/liver -usually rises 2-5 days post MI

Question 34

Elevated lactate post cardio collapse ie, MI, PE, shock, etc, leads to _________ from failure to provide adequate _________ (impaired _________ _________)

Answer 34

lactic acidosis from failure to provide adequate 02 (impaired oxidative phosphorylation)

Question 35

Lactic acidosis leads to decreased_____ and have to rely on________

Answer 35

ATP synthesis | anaerobic metabolism

Question 36

Lactic acidosis leads to increased O2 debt that requires excess O2 to recover from inadequate O2. What lab needs to be monitored?

Answer 36

serial lactate levels to measure severity of shock and recovery

Question 37

Most energy comes from the end products of pyruvate or lactate in?

Answer 37

the citric acid cycle | aka TCA cycle, Krebs cycle

Question 38

Define glycolysis in simple terms

Answer 38

Glucose 6 P makes pyruvate through a series of chemical reactions. Pyruvate can then be converted to acetyl CoA that enters the citric acid cycle (TCA, Kreb) in the mitochondria

Question 39

What two things phosphorylate glucose into Glucose 6 phosphate?

Answer 39

Hexokinase in a cells Glucokinase: in pancreas, acts as a sensor to increase insulin secretion, most active after meal

Question 40

The 3 irreversible steps of glycolysis

Answer 40

1. phosphorylation of Glucose to glucose 6 phosphate by hexokinase 2. phosphorylation Fructose 6 phosphate to fructose 1, 6 bisphosphate by phosphofructokinase 1 3. Phosphoenolpyruvate PEP to pyruvate by pyruvate kinase

Question 41

What leads to the gluconeogenesis pathway? _______ ______ inactivation by ______

Answer 41

pyruvate kinase inactivation by PKA

Question 42

Pyruvate kinase deficiency leads to? | mutant

Answer 42

genetically mutant pyruvate kinase leads to hemolytic anemia

Question 43

Pyruvate kinase deficiency MOA? | -Second leading cause of

Answer 43

- RBC’s do not have mitochondria, so they rely on glycolysis for ATP – decrease ATP results in alterations in shape and phagocytosis by the spleen - Second leading cause of enzyme deficiency hemolytic anemia

Question 44

Glycolysis is regulated by what 2 major needs of the cell?

Answer 44

 ATP (if we have plenty, inhibits glycolysis) |  Building blocks for synthetic reactions

Question 45

Name the Enzymes catalyzing irreversible reactions that are also sites of control. The amount of enzyme regulated by?

Answer 45

Hexokinase, phosphofructokinase 1, and pyruvate kinase transcription

Question 46

Well-fed state ______results in gene _______ and _______ synthesis

Answer 46

insulin results in gene transcription and enzyme synthesis

Question 47

Fasting or diabetes high ______ and low _______ leads to ________ enzyme synthesis

Answer 47

high glucagon and low insulin leads to decreased enzyme synthesis

Question 48

TCA cycle is final pathway where _________metabolism of ________, _______, and _______converge C A F

Answer 48

final pathway where oxidative metabolism of carbohydrate, amino acids, and fatty acids converge

Question 49

glucose synthesis from non carbohydrate precursors

Answer 49

gluconeogenesis

Question 50

the breakdown of glycogen to glucose-1-phosphate and glycogen

Answer 50

glycogenolysis

Question 51

Anaerobic glycolysis In Gl and liver

Answer 51

in NADH/NAD+ ratio compared to muscles – oxidize lactate from blood to pyruvate through gluconeogenesis or in the citric acid cycle