Biochemistry

Question 1

Antibiotics which act on cell walls

Answer 1

Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Glycopeptides

Question 2

Antibiotics acting on protein synthesis

Answer 2

Macrolides 
Aminoglycosides 
Cindamycin 
Chloramphenicol 
Tetracyclines

Question 3

Antibiotics acting on bacterial DNA

Answer 3

Metronidazole

Fluoroquinolones

Question 4

The 4 C-diff antibiotics

Answer 4

Co-amoxiclav
Cephalosporins
Cindamycin
Ciprofloxacin

Question 5

What makes up a virus

Answer 5

RNA/DNA
Protein coat
+/- Lipid envelope

Question 6

Gibbs free energy equations

Answer 6

ΔG (reaction) = ΣΔG (products) - ΣΔG (reactants) in kJmol-1

Question 7

What is metabolism

Answer 7

Catabolism plus anabolism

Question 8

What equation is used to calculate the pH of buffer solutions

Answer 8

pH = pKa - log([acid])/([salt])

Question 9

What is a zwitterion

Answer 9

Amino acids with a positive and negative side group in a neutral solution

Question 10

What is a cationic charge

Answer 10

positive

Question 11

what is an Anionic charge

Answer 11

negative

Question 12

What is a nucleoside made up of

Answer 12

Base + sugar

Question 13

What is a nucleotide made up of

Answer 13

nucleoside plus phosphate groups

base + sugar + phosphate groups

Question 14

What bases are pyridines

Answer 14

T, U and C

TUC-bed-pyjamas-pyridimines

Question 15

What bases are purines

Answer 15

A and G

cAt ears - purines

Question 16

What is the role of aminoacyl-tRNA synthesise

Answer 16

same as tRNA- ligase

bind amino acids to their corresponding tRNA molecule

Question 17

How many tRNA binding sites are there on ribosomes and what are they called

Answer 17

3
aminoacyl
peptidl
exit

Question 18

What is an enzyme co-factor

Answer 18

molecule that assists enzymes in catabolic reactions

Question 19

What is an enzyme without a co-factor called

Answer 19

apoenzyme

Question 20

What is an enzyme with a co-factor called

Answer 20

Holoenzyme

Question 21

What are isozymes

Answer 21

isoforms (functionally similar) of enzymes which catalase the same reaction but have different properties, structure and sequence

Question 22

What is Vmax

Answer 22

The maximum moles of substrate converted to product per second

Question 23

What is Km

Answer 23

The concentration of substrate at 50% Vmax

Question 24

What equation relates v to substrate concentration s

Answer 24

v= vmax/Km + conc of substrate

Question 25

What is glycolysis and where does it occur

Answer 25

the breakdown of glucose | Cytoplasm

Question 26

What does glycolysis produce

Answer 26

2 pyruvate 2 ATP 2NADH 2 H+

Question 27

What is the TCA cycle and where does it happen

Answer 27

the second stage of glycolysis | The mitochondria

Question 28

How does pyruvate get into the mitochondria

Answer 28

through crossing two membranes The 1st membrane crossed - crossed by passive diffusion The 2nd membrane crossed - crossed by facilitated diffusion

Question 29

Where are the enzymes involved in the TCA cycle

Answer 29

``` All enzymes in the matrix APART FROM Succinate dehydrogenase (mitochondria) ```

Question 30

What does the TCA cycle yield

Answer 30

4 ATP 10 NADH 10 H+ 2 FADH2

Question 31

What is oxidative phosphorylation made up of

Answer 31

Electron transport and ATP synthesis

Question 32

What happens during oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 32

Electrons (H+) are pumped into the inter membrane space | They flow down the electrochemical gradient providing energy for ATP synthesis

Question 33

What happens to malate when it enters oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 33

Converted to oxalacetate producing NADH

Question 34

What does pump 1 do in oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 34

Pumps H+ and transfers charge to pump 2

Question 35

What does pump 2 do in oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 35

converts succinate to fumigate transferring the change to pump 3

Question 36

What does pump 3 do in oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 36

Transfers H+ and electrons to pump IV

Question 37

What does pump 4 do in oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 37

Pumps H+ which joins with O2 to produce water | H+ then fall back through ATP synthase into the matrix to produce ATP

Question 38

Which inter membrane protein in oxidative phosphorylation does not pump h+ across the membrane

Answer 38

Protein II

Question 39

How much ATP does 1 glucose molecule yield in glycolysis

Answer 39

30-32 molecules of ATP

Question 40

What is ketoacidosis

Answer 40

High levels of ketone, acidosis, CO2 blown off

Question 41

What is the standard redox potential (E'a) of a reduced substance

Answer 41

Measure of how readily the substance donates an electron in comparison to H2

Question 42

What does a negative redox potential mean

Answer 42

the reduced form of a substance has lower affinity for electrons than H2