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Biochemistry Flashcards

(120 cards)

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1
Q

cell respiration

A

metabolic reactions and processes which take place in cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy (found in nutrients) into ATP

controlled release of energy from organic compounds to produce ATP

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2
Q

cells which perform cell respiration

A

all living cells

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3
Q

source of energy for cell respiration (in animals)

A

food

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4
Q

source of energy for cell respiration (in plants)

A

photosynthesis

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5
Q

purpose of cell respiration

A

conversion of high-energy compounds (such as glucose) into low-energy molecules (such as ATP)

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6
Q

adenosine triphosphate

ATP

A

nucleid acid which functions as source of energy for cell processes

informally known as “currency of the cell”

most often produced by mitochondria during cell respiration

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7
Q

source of energy for cell processes

A

ATP

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8
Q

reason that carbohydrates and lipids cannot be used as source of energy for cell processes

A

energy from carbohydrates and lipids is too high for usage in cell processes (must be broken down into lower-energy molecules)

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9
Q

method of dissipation of energy from ATP

A

heat

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10
Q

efficiency of cell respiration

A

inefficient

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11
Q

efficiency of cellular use of ATP

A

inefficient

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12
Q

oxidation reaction

A

chemical reaction which involves the loss of electrons from an atom

often includes gain of oxygen atom or loss of hydrogen atom

causes atom to become more positive

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13
Q

reduction reaction

A

chemical reaction which involves the gain of electrons from an atom

often includes loss of oxygen atom or gain of hydrogen atom

causes atom to become more negative

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14
Q

redox reaction

reduction-oxidation reaction

A

chemical reaction wherein oxidation reaction and reduction reaction occur simultaneously

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15
Q

reason that oxidation reactions and reduction reactions are dependent upon each other

A

oxidation involves loss of electrons in 1 atom

reduction involves gain of electrons in another atom

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16
Q

effect of electron transfer in redox reactions

A

release of energy stored in organic molecules (used to make ATP)

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17
Q

catabolic pathway

A

series of reactions that bring about net release of energy by breaking down complex organic molecules

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18
Q

anabolic pathway

A

series of reactions that require energy to compose complex organic molecules

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19
Q

endergonic reaction

A

chemical reaction with a net loss of energy

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20
Q

exergonic reaction

A

chemical reaction with a net gain of energy

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21
Q

phosphorylation

A

attachment of phosphate group

endergonic reaction

destabilizes molecules (increases reactivity)

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22
Q

dephosphorylation

A

detatchment of phosphate group

exergonic reaction

stabilizes molecules (decreases reactivity)

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23
Q

significance of phosphorylation of ADP

A

converts ADP (which is stable) into ATP (which is reactive)

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24
Q

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

NAD

A

main electron carrier in cell respiration

transports electrons between reactions in redox reactions

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25
NAD+
oxidized form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
26
NADH
reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
27
aerobic cell respiration
metabolic reactions and processes which require oxygen to convert biochemical energy (found in nutrients) into ATP
28
primary reaction site of aerobic cell respiration
mitochondrion
29
process of aerobic cell respiration
glycolysis pyruvate oxidation Krebs cycle oxidative phosphorylation
30
chemical equation of aerobic cell respiration
31
glycolysis
catabolic pathway that converts 1 glucose molecule into 2 smaller pyruvate molecules occurs in cytoplasm anaerobic process
32
chemical formula of glucose
C6H12O6
33
activation energy of glycolysis
2 ATP
34
total ATP yield of glycolysis
4 ATP
35
net yield from glycolysis
2 pyruvate molecules 2 ATP 2 NADH 2 hydrogen ions
36
chemical formula of pyruvate
CH3COCOO1-
37
pyruvate oxidation pyruvate decarboxylation link reaction
catabolic pathway that converts pyruvate into acetyl coenzyme A occurs in mitochondrion
38
transport method of pyruvate from cytoplasm to mitochondion (and why)
active transport (because pyruvate is charged)
39
process of pyruvate oxidation
decarboxylation of pyruvate connection between acetyl group and coenzyme A
40
net yield of decarboxylation of pyruvate
1 acetyl group 1 carbon dioxide molecule
41
chemical formula of acetyl group
CH3CO
42
chemical formula of carbon dioxide
CO2
43
enzyme required for pyruvate oxidation to occur
coenzyme A
44
coenzyme A CoA
enzyme required for pyruvate oxidation to occur joins with acetyl group to form acetyl coenzyme A
45
acetyl coenzyme A acetyl-CoA
compound formed by pyruvate oxidation composed of coenzyme A and acetyl group
46
net yield of pyruvate oxidation
1 acetyl coenzyme A molecule 1 NADH
47
Krebs cycle citric acid cycle
metabolic pathway which releases stored energy through oxidation of acetyl coenzyme A occurs in mitochondrion
48
process of Krebs cycle
combination of acetyl coenzyme A and oxaloacetate (formation of citric acid) decarboxylation (release of 2 carbon dioxide molecules) reduction of NAD+ into NADH combination of ADP and Pi (formation of ATP) reduction of FAD into FADH2 formation of oxaloacetate
49
net yield of Krebs cycle
4 carbon dioxide molecules 2 ATP 6 NADH 2 FADH2
50
oxidative phosphorylation
metabolic pathway that converts nutrients into ATP occurs in mitochondrion
51
efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation (in comparison to fermentation)
highly efficient
52
components of oxidative phosphorylation
electron transport chain chemiosmosis
53
electron transport chain ETC
series of complexes that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors (via redox reactions)
54
functions of electron transport chain in cell respiration
transfer electrons across inner-mitochondrial membrane from NADH to oxygen use proteins to transfer hydrogen ions across membrane of mitochondrial matrix
55
chemical equation of oxidation of NADH in oxidative phosphorylation
56
chemical equation of reduction of oxygen in oxidative phosphorylation
57
final electron acceptor in electron transport chain
oxygen
58
chemiosmosis
movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane (down concentration gradient)
59
ATP synthase
enzyme which creates ATP by combining ATP and Pi
60
net yield of oxidative phosphorylation
approximately 28 ATP 1 water molecule
61
anaerobic cell respiration fermentation
metabolic reactions and processes which do not require oxygen to convert biochemical energy (found in nutrients) into ATP
62
efficiency of anaerobic cell respiration
inefficient
63
3 conditions under which anaerobic cell respiration occurs
need for short (but rapid) burst of ATP production depletion of oxygen supplies in respiring cells placement in environment which lacks oxygen
64
anaerobic cell respiration which occurs in animal cells
lactic acid fermentation
65
anaerobic cell respiration which occurs in plants and yeast cells
alcohol fermentation
66
lactic acid fermentation lactate fermentation
catabolic pathway which converts 1 glucose molecule into 2 lactate molecules
67
process of lactic acid fermentation
68
net yield of lactic acid fermentation
2 lactate molecules 2 ATP
69
alcohol fermentation
catabolic pathway which converts 1 glucose molecule into 2 ethanol molecules
70
process of alcohol fermentation
71
net yield of alcohol fermentation
2 ethanol molecules 1 carbon dioxide molecule 2 ATP
72
anaerobic organism anaerobe
organism which does not require oxygen for growth
73
obligate anaerobes
organism which does not require oxygen for growth cannot survive in presence of oxygen
74
facultative anaerobe
organism which does not require oxygen for growth able to survive in presence of oxygen
75
photosynthesis
conversion of light energy into chemical energy occurs only in plant and algae organisms
76
primary reaction site of photosynthesis
chloroplast
77
chemical equation of photosynthesis
78
chlorophyll
primary photosynthetic pigment in plant cells and algae cells located within chloroplast
79
chlorophyll a
photosynthetic pigment which converts solar energy into chemical energy participates directly in light-dependent reactions
80
chlorophyll b
photosynthetic pigment that transfers energy to chlorophyll a participates indirectly in light-dependent reactions
81
carotenoid
photosynthetic pigment which broadens spectrum of colors which can be absorbed in photosynthesis participates indirectly in light-dependent reactions
82
2 main processes of photosynthesis
light-dependent reactions light-independent reactions
83
light-dependent reactions
chemical reactions of photosynthesis which use light energy to produce ATP and NADPH
84
photosystem
integral proteins found within thylakoid membranes large protein complexes and pigments which are optimized to harvest light
85
photosystems in photosynthesis (in order of reactions)
photosystem II photosystem I
86
pair of chlorophyll molecules found in photosystem II
P680
87
pair of chlorophyll molecules found in photosystem I
P700
88
input of photosystem II
water molecules light
89
functions of photosystem II
absorb light split water molecules
90
output of photosystem II
plastoquinone
91
input of cytochrome complex
plastoquinone
92
cytochrome complex cytochrome b6f complex
enzyme which catalyzes transfer of electrons from plastoquinone to plastocyanin
93
output of cytochrome complex
plastocyanin ATP
94
input of photosystem I
plastocyanin
95
function of photosystem I
transfer electrons from plastocyanin to ferredoxin
96
output of photosystem I
ferredoxin
97
input of NADP+ reductase
electrons from ferredoxin NADP+ 2 hydrogen ions
98
function of NADP+ reductase
reduce NADP+ to NADPH
99
output of NADP+ reductase
NADPH 1 hydrogen ion
100
# (Calvin cycle) light-independent reactions Calvin cycle
chemical reactions of photosynthesis which use carbon dioxide molecules into sugar
101
# (Calvin cycle) 3 phases of Calvin cycle
carbon fixation reduction RuBP regeneration
102
ribulose biphosphate RuBP
5-carbon sugar used in process of photosynthesis
103
ribulose biphosphate carboxylase RuBisCO
enzyme which facilitates carboxylation of RuBP used in carbon fixation
104
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate G3P triose phosphate TP
3-carbon sugar used in process of photosynthesis used to create glucose molecules in Calvin cycle
105
3-phosphoglycerate 3PG
3-carbon sugar used in process of photosynthesis used as intermediate in Calvin cycle conjugate acid of G3P
106
1,3-biphosphoglycerate 1,3BPG
3-carbon sugar used in process of photosynthesis used as intermediate in glycolysis and Calvin cycle
107
# (Calvin cycle) carbon fixation 1st phase of Calvin cycle
carboxylation of RuBP
108
# (Calvin cycle) input of carbon fixation
3 RuBP 3 carbon dioxide molecules
109
# (Calvin cycle) steps of carbon fixation
RuBP is carboxylated using RuBisCO unstable 6-carbon intermediate is formed short-lived intermediate splits into 3PG
110
# (Calvin cycle) output of carbon fixation
6 3PG
111
# (Calvin cycle) reduction 2nd phase of Calvin cycle
conversion of 3PG into G3P
112
# (Calvin cycle) input of reduction
6 3PG 6 ATP 6 NADPH
113
# (Calvin cycle) steps of reduction
3PG gains another phosphate group (by converting ATP to ADP) 1,3BPG is formed 1,3BPG is reduced (by converting NADPH into NADP+ and Pi) G3P is formed G3P molecule is released to form glucose (or other sugar molecule)
114
# (Calvin cycle) output of reduction
6 G3P 6 ADP 6 NADP+ 6 Pi
115
# (Calvin cycle) RuBP regeneration third phase of Calvin cycle
conversion of G3P into RuBP
116
# (Calvin cycle) input of RuBP regeneration
5 G3P 3 ATP
117
# (Calvin cycle) steps of RuBP regeneration
G3P undergoes structural changes gains another phosphate group (by converting ATP to ADP) RuBP is formed
118
# (Calvin cycle) output of RuBP regeneration
3 RuBP 3 ADP
119
photorespiration
metabolic process wherein oxygen molecules replace carbon dioxide molecules in RuBisCO wasteful of carbon dioxide molecules produced by photosynthesis
120
limiting factors of photosynthesis
light intensity temperature carbon dioxide concentration

Biology 2 (5 decks)

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