Biochemistry Flashcards
(11 cards)
1
Q
What are the causes of haematuria?
A
- Bladder cancer
- Renal cancer
- UTI - dysuria
- Stones - renal colic
- Prostate disease/cancer
- Nephrological disease
2
Q
What are the upper urinary tract causes of haematuria?
A
- Renal cancer
- Upper tract urothelial cancer
- Renal stones
- UTI
- Renal trauma
- Intrinsic renal (nephrological) disease
3
Q
What are the lower urinary tract causes of haematuria?
A
- UTI
- Bladder cancer
- Bladder stone
- Locally advanced prostate cancer
- Radiation cystits
- Bladder/urethral trauma
- Schistosomiasis
4
Q
Describe calcium oxalate stones
A
- 65-80%
- Stones are radio-opaque
- Envelope-shaped crystals
- Urine pH usually acidic
- Patient can be advised to reduce dietary oxalate intake e.g. chocolate, spinach
5
Q
Describe calcium phosphate stones
A
- 10-15%
- Radio-opaque
- Predisposition: primary hyperparathyroidism, renal tubular acidosis
- Urine pH usually alkaline
- Thiazide diuretics for hypercalciuria
6
Q
Describe struvite stones
A
- 10-15%
- Triple phosphate or infection stones
- Strongly associated with UTIs (urease enzymes)
- Associated with neuropathic bladders/presence of catheters in urinary tract
- May form huge staghorn stones
7
Q
Describe uric acid stones
A
- 5-10%
- Product of purine metabolism and highly insoluble in acidic urine
- Stones are radiolucent
- Predisposition: obesity, DM, gout
- Treated by urinary alkalinisation by oral potassium citrate or sodium bicarbonate and hydration
8
Q
Describe cystine stones
A
- 1%
- Rare AR disorder causing increased cystine in urine
- Faintly opacifying stones
- Suspect if multiple stone episodes in young person
- Treated by hydration, urinary alkalinisation
9
Q
What is a complicated UTI?
A
Anatomical or pathological abnormality that predisposes the patient to developing UTIs.
10
Q
What abnormalities can cause complicated UTIs?
A
- Vesico-ureteric reflux
- Urinary tract stones
- Urinary tract tumours
- Incomplete bladder emptying
11
Q
What are recurrent UTIs?
A
UTIs that occur more than 3x per year. Can be treated using long term low dose prophylactic antibiotics. Or take one antibiotic tablet after sexual intercourse. Or self-start antibiotics from onset of infective symptoms.
