Biochemistry Chapter 4: Carbohydrate Structure and Function Flashcards

1
Q

What are 3 carbon sugars called?

A

trioses

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2
Q

What are 4 carbon sugars called tetroses?

A

tetroses

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3
Q

What are sugars with aldehydes as their most oxidized group?

A

aldoses

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4
Q

What are sugars with ketones as their most oxidized group?

A

ketoses

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5
Q

How can you tell if glucose is in D- or L- form?

A

Sugars with the highest numbered chiral carbon with the OH on the right are D-
—- OH on the left are L- forms

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6
Q

What are diastereomers?

A

nonsuperimposable configurations of molecules with similar connectivity. Differ at at least 1, but not all-chiral carbons

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7
Q

What are epimers?

A

subtype of diastereomer that differ at exactly one chiral carbon

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8
Q

What are anomers?

A

subtype of epimer that differ at the anomeric carbon

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9
Q

What is the anomeric carbon?

A

New chiral center formed in ring closure; it was the carbon containing the carbonyl in the straight-chain form.

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10
Q

What are alpha-anomers?

A

Have the OH on the anomeric carbon trans to the free CH2OH group

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11
Q

What are the beta-anomers?

A

-OH on the anomeric carbon is cis to the free CH2OH group

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12
Q

What are hawthorne projections?

A

Represent 3D structure.

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13
Q

What is mutarotation?

A

When cyclic compounds shift from one anomeric form to another with the straight-chain form as an intermediate.

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14
Q

What types of reactions can monosaccharides undergo?

A

oxidation-reduction, esterification and glycoside formation

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15
Q

What can aldoses be oxidized and reduced to?

A

Ox: aldonic acids
Red: Alditols

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16
Q

Sugars that can be oxidized are _____.

A

Reducing sugars

17
Q

How can reducing sugars be detected?

A

Tollen’s or Benedict’s reagents

18
Q

What are deoxy sugars?

A

sugars with a -H group replacing an -OH group

19
Q

What is formed when sugars react with carboxylic acids?

A

esterification

20
Q

What is phosphorylation?

A

phosphate ester is formed by transferring a phosphate group from ATP onto a sugar

21
Q

What is glycoside formation?

A

basis for building complex carbohydrates and requires the anomeric carbon to link to another sugar

22
Q

What are the three common disaccharides?

A

sucrose, lactose, maltose

23
Q

What are three types of polysaccharides?

A

cellulose, starch and glycogen

24
Q

Why can we not digest cellulose?

A

humans cannot digest beta linkages

25
Q

What is tautomerization?

A

rearrangement of bonds in a compound, usually by moving a hydrogen and forming a double bond.

26
Q

What is esterfication?

A

carbohydrates react with carboxylic acids to form esters

27
Q

What linkages does cellulose have?

A

beta 1,4 linkages

28
Q

What linkages does starch have?

A

amylose - alpha 1,4 linkages

amylopectin - alpha 1,4 and alpha 1,6

29
Q

What linkages does glycogen have?

A

alpha 1,6 and alpha 1,4