Biochemistry Lecture 10

Question 1

Nutritional assessment

Answer 1

determine the quantity of current nutrient stores in the body (lipids, proteins, vitamins, and minerals)

Question 2

Application of nutritional assessment?

Answer 2

health promotion, disease prevention and treatment

Question 3

Measures of nutritional status

Answer 3

ABCD

Anthropometric measurements
Biochemical markers
Clinical evaluation
Dietary history

Question 4

Anthropometric measurement definition

Answer 4

measurements that characterized an individual’s body shape and size

Question 5

Weight & Height

Answer 5

1. BMI
2. Percentiles - children

Question 6

Fat distribution

Answer 6

1. Weight circumference
2. Waist to hip ratio

Question 7

Percent body fat

Answer 7

skinfold thickness

Question 8

Body protein

Answer 8

1. Mid-upper-arm circumference (MUAC)
2. Calf circumference (CC)

Question 9

Body composition

Answer 9

1. Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)
2. Bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA)

Question 10

BMI is a ratio of

Answer 10

weight to height

Question 11

Advantage of BMI

Answer 11

Streamlined to one number that is used to evaluate body weight (does not matter if male or female, short or tall)

Question 12

Limitations of BMI

Answer 12

1. Sex differences (for a given BMI< women have a decreased risk of premature mortality relative to men). Women have about 10% more body fat than men that is not associated with increased risk of mortality
2. Fat distribution

Question 13

Mortality risk that are associated with increased BMI

Answer 13

Risk of diseases such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, and stroke are positively correlated with BMI.

Question 14

BMI does not account for

Answer 14

1. stages of development: BMI should not be used for children and pregnant women
2. Body composition (muscle vs fat) - this can be misleading for muscular people, frail elderly may be unhealthy even though they have a “healthy BMI”. With aging, muscle mass decreases while body fat increases. The BMI will remain the same as long as there is no change in body weight.

Question 15

BMI used for adults, not

Answer 15

children

Question 16

Clinic commonly uses what for infants and children length and weight?

Answer 16

percentiles

Question 17

Percentile

Answer 17

A number where a certain percentage of scores fall below that number. In this case, percentiles are in reference to observations in a population.

Question 18

Fat distribution is more important than?

Answer 18

the amount of fat when it comes to determining the disease risk associated with obesity

Question 19

Upper body obesity (apple-shaped) is associated with?

Answer 19

a greater risk for heart disease, hypertension, and diabetes

Question 20

Lower body obesity (pear-shaped people)

Answer 20

contributes little to disease risk

Question 21

Fat distribution is

Answer 21

sex dependent

Question 22

In non-obese men, fat is?

Answer 22

evenly distributed - while in overweight or obese men, testosterone favors deposition of excess fat in the abdomen

Question 23

In non obese women, more fat is in the

Answer 23

gluteofemoral area (estrogen dependent and not associated with an increased risk of disease

Question 24

Waist circumference (WC) measures

Answer 24

abdominal fat, just above the hip bone

Question 25

Waist to hip ratio (WHR) is the

Answer 25

waist circumference divided by hip circumference (can be misleading)

Question 26

Obesity can be defined on basis of

Answer 26

Percentage of body weight, which varies with age and sex. Increased diseased risk.

Question 27

About 50% to 80% of adipose tissue is?

Answer 27

subcutaneous, so skinfold thickness can be used to estimate % body fat

Question 28

The folded skin is measured with?

Answer 28

calipers

Question 29

Skinfold thickness pros and cons

Answer 29

pro: technique is easy, rapid, and inexpensive cons: results can vary depending on the skill and experience of the technician. Usually require estimates at multiple sites to increase accuracy.

Question 30

Body protein is divided into two compartments

Answer 30

1. somatic protein (skeletal muscle) 2. visceral protein (serum levels of albumin)

Question 31

MUAC is used to assess

Answer 31

muscle wasting or malnutrition in children (6-59 months)

Question 32

Calf circumference can be used as a marker of

Answer 32

malnutrition/sarcopenia

Question 33

DEXA

Answer 33

-Most common in a clinic sitting -Dual energy x ray absorptiometry -Estimate fat free mass, body fat, and bone mineral density by using differential attenuation of photon beams of two levels of intensity

Question 34

DEXA pro and cone

Answer 34

pro: accurate and reproducible con: expensive and cumbersome

Question 35

Body composition: BIA

Answer 35

bioelectric impedance analysis, uses an electrical current to estimate fat and fat free mass

Question 36

Water is the most conductive for the current; body fat has very

Answer 36

little water compared to lean tissues pro: easy and inexpensive con: hydration status can skew rsults

Question 37

Know BMI calculations

Question 38

BIA commercial products

Answer 38

smart scales, now smart watches! same errors can arise with hydration, in addition to user errors Measurements are not precise and should not be used for diagnostic purposes, but could be a helpful tool for monitoring changes in body composition over time

Question 39

Red cell indices can show deficiency in

Answer 39

vitamin B12 and iron

Question 40

Low levels of albumin or prealbumin could indicate

Answer 40

malnutrition or infection

Question 41

Serum lipids

Answer 41

cholesterol and triglycerides

Question 42

Malabsorption

Answer 42

fecal fat can be used to determine if the ability to absorb fat is impaired

Question 43

Clinical Assessment

Answer 43

1. % Weight Loss 2. Can the weight loss be explained? 3. Impact on muscle compartment 4. Stress increases RMR and caloric needs 5. Fat and protein stores, wound healing 6. Overall verdict

Question 44

Weight change is one of the most significant measures of

Answer 44

nutritional status

Question 45

Individual serves as his/her own

Answer 45

reference

Question 46

Any change in weight is reported as

Answer 46

percentage of one's "original" or "unusual" weight

Question 47

serial weight measurement is most useful to

Answer 47

track body weight because there are multiple recorded data points (weekly, monthly, yearly)

Question 48

Most common procedures used to determine dietary history are:

Answer 48

1. 24 hour recall 2. food frequency questionnaires 3. 1 to 3 day recored