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BIOCHEMISTRY - METABOLISM Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

Fatty acid oxidation
TCA cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in which organalle?

A

Mitochondria

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2
Q

Metabolism processes which occur in the Mitochondria?

A

Fatty acid oxidation
TCA cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation

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3
Q 
Glycolysis
HMP shunt
Cholestrol synthesis
Protein synthesis
Fat synthesis occurs in which organalle?
A

Cytoplasm

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4
Q

Metabolism process which occurs in the cytoplasm?

A 
Glycolysis
HMP shunt
Cholestrol synthesis
Protein synthesis
Fat synthesis
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5
Q

Heme synthesis
Gluconeogenesis
Urea cycle occurs in which organalle?

A

Mitochondria and Cytoplasm

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6
Q

Metabolism processes that occur in Mitochondria and Cytoplasm?

A

Heme synthesis
Gluconeogenesis
Urea cycle

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7
Q

Rate limiting enzyme of Glycolysis

A

Phosphofructokinase 1

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8
Q

Rate limiting enzyme of Kreb’s cycle

A

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

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9
Q

Rate limiting enzyme of Gluconeogenesis

A

Fructose 1,6-Bisphosphate

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10
Q

Rate limiting enzyme of Urea cycle

A

Carbamoyl phosphate synthase 1

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11
Q

Rate limiting enzyme of Fatty acid synthesis

A

Acetyl CoA carboxylase

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12
Q

Rate limiting enzyme of Ketogenesis

A

HMG-CoA synthase

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13
Q

Rate limiting enzyme of Cholestrol synthesis

A

HMG-CoA reductase

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14
Q

Net ATP produced by Aerobic metabolism and where?

A

32 (Heart and Liver - via Malate aspartate shuttle)

30 (Muscle - via G3P shuttle)

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15
Q

Net ATP produced by Anaerobic metabolism?

A

2

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16
Q

Anaerobic metabolism occurs where and why?

A

RBCs

Since erythrocytes lack mitochondria

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17
Q

Which substance inhibits ATP production in glycolysis?

A

Arsenic

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18
Q

Name universal electron acceptors

A

NAD+, NADP+, Flavin nucleotides

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19
Q

Location of hexokinase

A

Most tissues (except - liver and pancreas)

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20
Q

Location of glucokinase

A

Liver and Pancreas

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21
Q

Which hormone is Glucokinase dependent on?

A

Insulin

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22
Q

Which enzyme is always active?

A

Hexokinase (since its action is not dependent on Insulin)

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23
Q

A 28-year-old wrestler comes to the clinic for a mandated, pre-competition physical examination and blood test. The patient asks about limiting carbohydrate intake to maintain status in her weight class.
Which of the following has a role in the regulation of the rate-limiting step of carbohydrate metabolism?

A

Citrate (intermediate product of Kreb’s cycle and has a role in regulation of Glycolysis by inhibiting action of phosphofructokinase).

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24
Q

Which enzyme has important role in the synthesis and oxidation of fatty acids, as well as in the initiation of the Krebs cycle?

A

Acetyl CoA

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25
Which amino acid serves as carrier of amino groups from muscle to liver
Alanine
26
What is produced in the Krebs cycle and acts as an electron carrier to the electron transport chain to produce ATP via oxidative phosphorylation?
Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
27
What is produced in the first step of glycolysis from glucose, and although this substrate is related to carbohydrate metabolism?
Glucose-6-Phosphate
28
Which is the rate limiting step of Glycolysis?
Conversion of Fructose-6-Phosphate to Fructose 1,6-Bisphosphate (Step 3 of glycolysis) Enzyme - Phosphofructokimase-1
29
What occurs in fasting state?
Increased - Glucagon, cAMP, Protein Kinase A, FBPase Reduced - PFK-2 Less glycolysis More gluconeogenesis
30
What occurs in fed state?
Increased - Insulin, PFK-2 Decreased - cAMP, Protein Kinase A, FBPase More glycolysis Less gluconeogenesis
31
Fructose-2,6 bisphosphate enyme - seen in?
Glycolysis | Gluconeogenesis
32
Which all inhibit Pyruvate dehydrogenase?
ATP NADH Acetyl CoA Arsenic
33
Location of Pyruvate dehydrogenase
Mitochondria
34
What activates Pyruvate dehydrogenase
Increase in NAD+/NADH ratio | Increased - ADP, Calcium
35
Clinical manifestations of Arsenic poisoning
``` Pigmentay skin changes Skin cancer Vomiting Diarrhoea QT prolongation (ECG) Garlic breath ```
36
Neurological deficit Lactic acidosis Increased serum alanine (starts in infancy) seen in?
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex deficiency
37
Causes of PDH deficiency?
Congenital | Acquired - Alcoholics (due to reduced B1)
38
Treatment of PDH deficiency
Increased intake of Ketogenic nutrients | e.g - high fat content, increased - lysine and leucine
39
Co-factor of PDH
Thiamine (Vitamin B1)
40
Where does TCA cycle occur?
Mitochondria
41
Co-factors of TCA cycle?
``` Thiamine Lipoic acid CoA FAD+ NAD+ ```
42
In TCA cycle, ATP inhibits?
Citrate synthase Isocitrate dehydrogenase Alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
43
Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?
Inner mitochondrial membrane
44
Which enzyme is present in both Kreb's cycle and TCA cycle?
Succinate dehydrogenase
45
Final electron acceptor of Electron transport chain?
Oxygen
46
After accepting electrons (in ETC) - oxygen is converted to ___
Water
47
Name the electron transport inhibitors?
Rotenone Cyanide Actinomycin
48
Mechanism of action of Electron transport inhibitors?
Reduces proton gradient resulting in ATP synthesis
49
Name a ATP synthase inhibitor?
Oligomycin
50
Mechanism of action of ATP synthase inhibitors?
Increases proton gradient resulting in stopping of electron transport resulting in no ATP.
51
Name some uncoupling agents?
2,4 - Dinitrophenol | Aspirin
52
Deficiency of enzymes in Gluconeogenesis result in?
Hypoglycemia
53
Gluconeogenesis does not occur in?
Muscles (Since there is no G-6-P)
54
Site of Gluconeogenesis?
Intestines Liver Kidney
55
Site of pentose hosphate pathway?
Cytoplasm
56
Increased activity of Pentose phosphate occurs in?
Liver Adrenal cortex Lactating mammary glands RBCs
57
No ATP is used in which pathway?
Pentose phosphate pathway
58
Prevalence of G6PD deficiency
African Americans | Those exposed to Malaria and on anti malarial medication (hemolysis occurs post medication as well)
59
Causes of hemolysis in G6PD ?
``` Fava beans Sulfonamides Nitrofurantoin Primaquine Chloroquine Anti TB drugs Infection ```
60
What type of inheritance does G6PD come under?
X linked Recessive

GENETICS (4 decks)

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