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MCDB 1A > Biochemistry - Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Biochemistry - Midterm 1 Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

strong bonds

A

covalent

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2
Q

weak bonds / forces

A

H-bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophobic interactions, Van-der-waal forces

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3
Q

How are macromolecules built / linked

A

via condensation / dehydration rxns creating covalent bonds

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4
Q

What are lipids made of?

A

glycerol & fatty acids

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5
Q

what are proteins made of?

A

amino acids

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6
Q

what are polysaccharides made of?

A

glucose

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7
Q

what are nucleic acids made of?

A

nucleotides

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8
Q

Triglycerides

A

type of lipid that stores E

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9
Q

saturated fat

A

no c-c double bonds

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10
Q

unsaturated fats

A

contains at least 1 c-c double bond

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11
Q

Phospholipids

A

lipid membrane component - lipid bilayer

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12
Q

Steroids

A

lipid membrane component - disturbs close packing

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13
Q

carbohydrates

A

have 2+ hydroxyl groups with formula (CH2O)n

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14
Q

monosaccharides

A

simple sugars

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15
Q

beta sugar

A

hydroxyl group faces up

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16
Q

alpha sugar

A

hydroxyl group faces down

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17
Q

Disaccharides

A

dimers

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18
Q

Polysaccharides

A

polymers
-starch, glycogen, cellulose

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19
Q

Cellulose
- linkages, branching, function

A

B - 1,4
no branching
plant structure

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20
Q

Starch
- linkages, branching, function

A

a-1,4 & a-1,6
some branching
plant E storage

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21
Q

Glycogen
- linkages, branching, function

A

a-1,4 & a-1,6
extensive branching
animal E storage

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22
Q

Proteins

A

many functions, made of AA

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23
Q

what type of bonds hold amino acids together in proteins?

A

peptide bonds with an amino terminus and carboxyl terminus

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24
Q

Primary protein structure

A
  • formed by covalent peptide bonds
  • creates polypeptide strands
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25
Secondary protein structure
- formed by localized H-bonds in backbone - creates b plated sheets or a helix
26
Tertiary protein structure
- formed by H-bonds, ionic, hydrophobic, and disulfide bridges (covalent bonds) -creates 3D protein structure
27
Quaternary protein structure
- formed by weak forces (SOMETIMES covalent disulfide bridges) - creates larger protein molecules, not all proteins have this
28
nucleotides
contains a nitrogenous base, phosphate group, and sugar (numbered with primers)
29
pyrimidine
narrow Cytosine (C), Thymine(T), and uracil (U)
30
purine
wide adenine(A), Guanine(G)
31
polymerization
joins together monomers to create a polymer
32
Polymers of nucleotides
RNA & DNA
33
RNA
-ribose sugar -G,C,U,A as bases -single stranded
34
DNA
-deoxyribose sugar -GCTA as bases -double stranded helix
35
Griffith Experiment -brief summary -findings -year
-Used 2 strains of bacteria (one virulent and one non virulent) and tested on a mouse. In cultures with killed virulent and live non-virulent, the mouse died. -found that non virulent was transformed genetically by virulent cell material -1920s
36
Avery Experiment -brief summary -findings -year
-treated virulent and non virulent bacteria strains with things that killed potential genetic material. The mouse only lived in the trial where virulent bacteria DNA was killed. -DNA must be the transforming agent -1940s
37
Hershey-Chase Experiment -brief summary -findings -year
-used bacteriophage treated with two radioactive materials to find which part of the phage (only protein and DNA) was present in the cells. DNA was found in the cells pellet. -DNA is the material that enters cells and thus the genetic material -1953
38
Chargaff's Rule
A=T, C=G (purines=pyrimidines)
39
What did x-ray crystallography tell us?
-helix structure of DNA, put together by watson and Crick
40
Meselson-Stahl Experiment -brief summary -findings
-used light nitrogen and heavy nitrogen samples and grew bacteria in an environment for many generations. Found that there were intermediate and light bacteria in any sample -DNA replication is semiconservative\
41
Replication
DNA to DNA
42
Transcription
DNA to RNA
43
Translation
RNA to protein
44
how is DNA synthesized
-antiparallel in a 5' to 3' direction
45
Leading strand
continuously synthesized
46
Lagging strand
synthesized in fragments
47
Okasaki fragments
segments of lagging strand
48
DNA polymerase III
synthesizes new strand and proofreads strand
49
DNA polymerase I
replaces RNA primer
50
DNA ligase
joins okasaki fragments
51
Primase
lays down RNA primer
52
Helicase
opens replication fork
53
single strand binding proteins
binds to template strand to keep fork open
54
telomerase
prevents telomeres from being lost during replication
55
mRNA
transfers info from nucleus to cytoplasm
56
tRNA
AA carrier, from mRNA to protein
57
rRNA
ribosome component, involved in translation
58
codon
3 nucleotides that code for a specific amino acid
59
translation process
anticodon on tRNA connects with corresponding codon on mRNA on A site of ribosome. tRNA moves to P site of ribosome and new tRNA connects to A site. Peptide bond forms between newly coded amino acids to the protein chain.
60
RNA processing
add a 5' cap and poly-A tail to add stability. Remove introns and splice together exons
61
Alternative splicing
1 gene can code for several diff proteins due to different splicing
62
micro RNA
blocks translation, degrades mRNA
63
protein trafficking
gets a protein to its functional destination using signal sequence
64
silent mutation
change codon, same amino acid
65
missense mutation
change codon, diff amino acid
66
nonsense mutation
premature stop codon
67
frame-shift mutation
1-2 bases inserted/deleted, causes missense and nonsense
68
thermodynamics
predicts rxn spontaneity and amt of P and R
69
kinetics
predicts reaction rates
70
what is the biological catalyst
enzyme
71
how many turns of glucose catabolism cycle does 1 glucose molecule take?
2
72
How many ATP does 1 NADH produce
3
73
How many ATP does FADH produce
2
74
How many ATP is required to get through cytoplasm after glycolysis? For glucose and for other molecules
-2 for glucose -1 for other mcls
75
What part of the glucose catabolism cycle produces the most ATP
oxidative phosphorylation

MCDB 1A (2 decks)

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