Biochemistry of the cell

Question 1

Is called the “Universal solvent”

Answer 1

Water

Question 2

What are the unique properties of water?

Answer 2

Water is polar.
water is both cohesive and adhesive.
Water has high specific of heat.
Water has a high heat of vaporization.
Water has a high thermal conductivity

Question 3

In each water molecule the two hydrogen atoms are linked the oxygen atom by?

Answer 3

Hydrogen bond

Question 4

The two bond are highly polar because the oxygen is blank, while the hydrogen is blank

Answer 4

Strongly attractive for electrons, weakly attractive

Question 5

When a positively charged region of one water molecule approaches a negatively charged region of a second water molecule , the electrical attraction between them can result in blank.

Answer 5

Hydrogen bond

Question 6

Is described as the attraction between particles of the same substances.

Answer 6

Cohesion

Question 7

is the attraction between two different substances.

Answer 7

Adhesion

Question 8

A phenomenon where molecules will tow each other along when in a thin glass tube

Answer 8

Capillary action

Question 9

Is the amount of heat needed to raise or lower 1g of a substance by 1C.

Answer 9

Specific heat

Question 10

Is the energy needed to convert 1g of a substance from liquid to gas.

Answer 10

Heat of vaporization

Question 11

What are the four major molecules that make up the cells?

Answer 11

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic acid

Question 12

Are made up of monomer called simple sugar, which are held by a covalent bond glycosidic bond to form polymer. Serve as source of energy to fuel cellular processes.

Answer 12

Carbohydrates

Question 13

Is composed of only one sugar. Example of this.

Answer 13

Monosaccharides. Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

Question 14

Made up of two simple sugars. Example of this.

Answer 14

Disaccharides. Sucrose, Maltose, Lactose

Question 15

Made up of multiple monosaccharides. Example of this.

Answer 15

Polysaccharides. Glycogen, Starch, Cellulose, Chitin

Question 16

Are mostly composed of fatty acids and glycerols, which are held by ester linkages

Answer 16

Lipids

Question 17

Like oils and fats are composed of three fatty acids bonded to glycerol

Answer 17

Triglycerides

Question 18

Those found in plant cuticles are composed of variable number of fatty acids bonded to long chain alcohol ].

Answer 18

Waxes

Question 19

Are composed of polar phosphate and two fatty acids bonded via glycerol

Answer 19

Phospholipids

Question 20

Are composed of four fused rings of carbon atom with functional group attached.

Answer 20

Steroids

Question 21

Are made up of nucleotides that are held by phosphodiester. They are important for the storage, transmission, and usage of genetic information.

Answer 21

Nucleic Acids

Question 22

Are made up of amino acids, which are covalently linked by peptide bond.

Answer 22

Proteins

Question 23

The side chains of the 20 amino acids can be categorized in four groups.

Answer 23

Neutral-non polar, neutral-polar, acidic, basic

Question 24

4 structures of protein.

Answer 24

Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary structures

Question 25

Is the simplest level of a protein structure. It is simply the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.

Answer 25

Primary

Question 26

Refers to the local folded structures that form within a polypeptide due to interactions between atoms of the proteins.

Answer 26

Secondary structures

Question 27

Is the overall three-dimensional structure of the polypeptide.

Answer 27

Tertiary structure

Question 28

Is formed when multiple polypeptide subunits are assembled.

Answer 28

Quaternary structures

Question 29

are protein that are considered as biological catalyst.

Answer 29

Enzymes

Question 30

Are substrate that sped up the rate of a chemical reaction.

Answer 30

Catalyst

Question 31

Help biological processes become faster by lowering the activation energy that must be supplied to break the bond in the reactant.

Answer 31

Enzymes

Question 32

The reactant to whom the enzyme acts

Answer 32

Substrate

Question 33

the catalytic reaction then occurs in a specific part of the enzyme called the

Answer 33

Active site

Question 34

Who discovered DNA?

Answer 34

Friedrich Miescher

Question 35

was discovered as an annoying contaminant int he purification of proteins.

Answer 35

DNA

Question 36

Discovered that DNA contains four bases

Answer 36

Albrecht Kossel

Question 37

Are heterolytic rings with carbon and nitrogen atoms

Answer 37

Bases

Question 38

Discovered in 1920s that there are 2 kinds of nucleic acids, which he called yeast acid

Answer 38

Phoebus Levene

Question 39

A virus that carries only one DNA and four RNA

Answer 39

Cytomegalovirus

Question 40

Discovered that DNA does not contain equal amounts of the four bases but the quantities differ depending on the surface of the DNA

Answer 40

Erwin Chargaff

Question 41

The amount of adenine is always equal to the amount of thymine and the amount of guanine is equal to the amount of cytosine. This relationship is known as?

Answer 41

Chargaff's rule

Question 42

Condensed form of chromatin

Answer 42

Chromosomes

Question 43

have no nucleus

Answer 43

Prokaryotes

Question 44

Prokaryotes also frequently carry one or more smaller independent circular DNAs called?

Answer 44

Episomes and Plasmids

Question 45

Do not integrate into the main chromosomes

Answer 45

Plasmids

Question 46

Have real equivalent of the eukaryotic histones

Answer 46

euryarchaeota

Question 46

Can reside in the cell as independent molecules or can integrate into the main chromosomes

Answer 46

Episomes

Question 47

Are characterized by a nuclear membrane that surrounds their genetic patrimonium

Answer 47

Eukaryotes

Question 48

Have no equivalent of the eukaryotic histones

Answer 48

Crenarchaeota

Question 49

DNA replication and transcription take place in?

Answer 49

Nucleus

Question 50

Protein synthesis occurs in?

Answer 50

Cytoplasm

Question 51

Plays a vital role in in the transport of RNA and Proteins.

Answer 51

Nuclear membrane

Question 52

Means colored body

Answer 52

Chromosomes

Question 53

Were first discovered in the light microscope by using staining techniques

Answer 53

Chromosomes

Question 54

The succession of nucleosomes forms a fibrous structure called?

Answer 54

Chromatin

Question 55

The majority of the eukaryotic cells are?

Answer 55

Diploid

Question 56

The two copies are called? one is derived from each parent

Answer 56

Homologous

Question 57

Contains a single copy of each chromosomes

Answer 57

Haploid

Question 58

Have more than two copies of each chromosome

Answer 58

Polyploid

Question 59

This lacks of correlation between genome size and genetic complexity

Answer 59

C-value paradox

Question 60

Number of genes/Mbp of DNA

Answer 60

Genome density

Question 61

Intergenic regions consist of repetitive DNA

Answer 61

Microsatellites, Genome wild repeats, Pseudo genes

Question 62

Confers a positive value or selective advantage to the host organic

Answer 62

Intergenic DNA

Question 63

The separations require the action of a blank

Answer 63

Topoisomerase

Question 64

The extremities of the linear eukaryotic chromosomes contain special sequences called? it plays an extremely important role in the replication of the linear eukaryotic DNA molecules

Answer 64

Telomeres

Question 65

Plays an important role in the distribution of the sister chromatids to the daughter cells upon DNA replication and cell division.

Answer 65

Centromere

Question 66

Is linked by two ester bonds with two sugar molecules

Answer 66

Single phosphoryl group

Question 67

Impose the polarity of the DNA chain.

Answer 67

Phosphodiester linkage

Question 68

The bases are attached to the sugar moieties by a blank formed between the C'1 atom of the sugar and the N1 atom of a pyrimidine residue or the N9 atom of a purine residue.

Answer 68

Glycosidic bond

Question 69

How many hydrogen bonds for an A-T pair, G-C pair?

Answer 69

2, 3

Question 70

Describe the purine and pyrimidine

Answer 70

Purine is a larger molecule, double ring structure while pyrimidine is smaller, one ring structure

Question 71

What are the different forms of DNA?

Answer 71

B-form A-form Z-form

Question 72

Where mostly the DNA exist in vivo?

Answer 72

B-form

Question 73

Is a regular, right handle helix in which the turns run clockwise when locked at along the helical axis. The bases are lying approximately flat and perpendicular with respect to the helical axis.

Answer 73

B-form

Question 74

Is a less hydrated form of DNA, it's also shorter and larger than B-form DNA. Has more bps per turn. Bases are not lying flat as in B-form DNA, but they are slightly tilted with respect to the helical axis.

Answer 74

A-form

Question 75

The only left-handed form of DNA. It has the least twisted structure and is underwound. Has only one groove, with a higher density of negative changes than the groove of B-form DNA.

Answer 75

Z-form

Question 76

Is an important intermediated, generated by the action of the RecA protein in process of homologous DNA recombination.

Answer 76

Triple-Stranded DNA

Question 77

Uses the complementary pairing of inverted repeat sequences in a single strand. It is also a structure that is widely found in nature and serves as a specific signal molecule in crucial cellular processes.

Answer 77

Cruciform structure

Question 78

In nature, all DNA molecules are topologically blank

Answer 78

constrained

Question 79

The crossing over of the helix over itself

Answer 79

Writhe

Question 80

Plays an important role in vital processes such as DNA replication and transcription that generate tension in the DNA

Answer 80

Topoisomerase

Question 81

Two major types of Topoisomerases

Answer 81

Type I and Type II

Question 82

Is the simply the number of helical turns of one strand around the other.

Answer 82

Twist

Question 83

Make transient single-stranded breaks and change the linking number in steps of one. Do not consume ATP and are monomeric enzymes.

Answer 83

Type I Topoisomerase

Question 84

Make a covalent bond between the 5' - phosphate end of the nick and the tyrosine residue and generate a free 3' - OH end.

Answer 84

Type IA

Question 85

A type of writhe which the long axis is twisted around itself.

Answer 85

Interwound or plectonomic

Question 86

Is the total number of interwound or spiral writhes in cccDNA.

Answer 86

Writhing number (Wr)

Question 87

Twist and writhe are convertible.

Answer 87

False (Interconvertible)

Question 88

A type of writhe in which the long axis is wound in a cylindrical manner, as often occurs when DNA wraps around protein.

Answer 88

Spiral or toroid

Question 89

It is the sum of two geometric components: the twist (Tw) and the writhe (Wr)

Answer 89

Lk

Question 90

Make transient double stranded gaps and change the linking number in steps of two. Can generally act on both negatively and positively supercoiled DNA.

Answer 90

Type 11 Topoisomerase

Question 91

Require the energy of ATP hydrolysis for their action

Answer 91

Type II Topoisomerase

Question 92

Covalently link the tyrosine residue to the 3' -P and generates free 5' -OH bond

Answer 92

Type IB