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ESSENTIAL > Biochemistry/Physiology > Flashcards

Biochemistry/Physiology Flashcards

(111 cards)

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1
Q

RNA most abundant in cell?

A

rRNA>tRNA>mRNA

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2
Q

rRNA

A

RNA polymerase I
where proteins assembled.
Most abundant RNA

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3
Q

mRNA

A

RNA polymerase II
Largest RNA
carry information from DNA in nucleus–> ribosomes in cytoplasm.

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4
Q

tRNA

A

RNA polymerase III
smallest RNA
carry the aa to ribsomes, where aa are linked together in the order specified by mRNA to form particular pp or proteins.

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5
Q

Glycolysis occurs in the ___ in the ____of oxygen. ___molecules of ATP are needed. Prod___ ATP. SO net gain of ___ATP. End product pyruvate may go where?

A

cytoplasm; absence; 2; 4; 2; aerobic respiration in mitochondria or anaerobic respiration (fermentation)

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6
Q

End product of glycolysis

A

2 ATP, 2 Pyruvate +2 H20 + 2NADH

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7
Q

Zymogen aka

A

proenzymes–inactive precursors of proteolytic enzymes

Zymogen—removal of a peptide fragment–>active enzyme form

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8
Q

alpha-amylase glycosidic bonds

A

alpha-1,4-glycosidic bonds
Amylose: carb (starch) –amylase–>maltotriose, maltose
Amylopectin: starch–amylase–>maltose, glucose, limit dextrin

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9
Q

The lower the Km the __ the relative affinity.

A

higher

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10
Q

Km values increase

A

presence of competitive inhibitor but doesn’t effect noncompetitive inhibitor.

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11
Q

noncompetitive inhibitor aka

A

allosteric inhibitor

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12
Q

CK (Creatine kinases)-MM predominates in

A

skeletal muscle

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13
Q

CK-MB predominates in

A

cardiac muscle

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14
Q

CK-BB predominates in

A

brain, sooth muscle, lungs

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15
Q

apoenzyme + cofactor=

A

haloenzyme

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16
Q

TCoenzyme, hiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) function

A

tissue respiration

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17
Q

Coenzyme, Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) function

A

aa metabolism

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18
Q

Coenzyme, tetrahydrofolate function

A

transfers C fragments from 1 mol. to another.

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19
Q

glycolysis, TCA, and oxidative phosphorylation occur where

A

glycoysis=cytoplasm
TCA= mitochondrial matrix
oxidative phosphorylation= inner mitochondrial membrane.

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20
Q

ETC: Complex IV

A

contains cytochromes a and a3, 3 copper ions.

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21
Q

In the cori cycle, lactate formed by active muscle is converted into glucose by the liver. Glycolysis occurs in the __ and gluconeogenesis occurs in the ___.

A

muslce; liver

Shifts metabolic burden of active mescle to the liver.

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22
Q

Pyruvate—?—>Acetyl-CoA

A

pyruvate dehydrogenase

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23
Q

Most common pathway of glycolysis that oral bacteria use also

A

Embden-Meyerhof pathway

Net production: 2 ATP per mol. glucose

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24
Q

Entner-Doudoroff pathway

A

Alternative to glycolysis used by obligate aerobic bacteria.

Net production: 1 ATP per mol. of glucose

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25
Pentose Phosphate Pathway aka pentose shunt
pathway of hexose oxidation whereby G6P generates 5-C sugars. Imp. in liver and mammary glands, cells exposed to high O2 partial pressure like the cornea
26
PPP oxidative branch
G6P----G6P dehydrogenase---->Ribose-5P +NADPH (irreversible
27
PPP nonoxidative branch
Ribose-5P---transketolase and transaldolase--->glycolitic and gluconeogenic pathways (reversible)
28
3 main types of phosphorylation
substrate-level phosphorylation electron-transport/oxidative phosphorylation photophosphorylation
29
Substrate-level phosphorylation
high E phosphate intermediates are formed and trasferred to ADP-->ATP. Net profit=4 ATP for glycolysis
30
Electron-transport/oxidative phosphorylation
electrons move down the ETC and chemiosmosis occurs. Net profit: 32-34 ATP during ETC
31
Gluconeogeneis total ATP? Produces aa, lactate, glycerol--->? Important for maining blood glucose levels for what? Occurs where?
6 ATP; glucose; fasting state for E requirements in brain, RBCs, exercising muscle, renal medulla; occurs in mito and cytosol
32
Venous blood has higher concentration of
carbonic acid
33
3 lin. kidney ees of defense for blood's acid-base balance
1. buffer systems in blood 2. Alveolar ventilation- 3. excess acid is excreted by the kidneys-excess H+ in acidosis and ecess HCO3 in alkalosis.
34
2 parts of peptidoglycan:
1. peptide portion-short, attached, cross-linked peptide chains containing unusual aa. 2. Glycan portion-forms backbone of the mol., composed of alternately repeating units of the amino sugars N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM).
35
Lysozyme cleaves the glycosidic bond between?
NAG and NAM
36
2 important families of microbodies (break down H2O2) are:
1. peroxisomes: metabolize FA, ride body of toxic peroxides such as catalase, uric acid oxidase 2. glyoxysomes-common in fat-storing tissuesog the germinating seeds of plants.
37
Which GAG is not sulfated
hyaluronic acid
38
Hyaluronic acid
Largest GAG Found in synovial fluid Only non-sulfated GAG
39
Heparin
Anticoagulant
40
Heparan sulfate
In CNS
41
Chondroitin sulfate
Most abundant GAG, major component of cartilage
42
Keratan sulfate
Found in cartilage
43
Dermatan sulfate
Found in skin, blood vessels, tendon, valvular tissue in heart
44
Maltose
glucose + glucose | -starch breakdown product ("beet sugar")
45
Lactose
glucose + galactose | -milk sugar
46
Sucrose
glucose + fructose | -table sugar
47
brush border enzymes
maltase, lactase, sucrase (joined by O-glycosidic bond) because O2 is involved
48
Oligosaccharides-# of monomers and e.g.
3-10; blood group Ag, membrane glycoproteins
49
Polysaccharides-# of monomers and e.g.
>10; starch, glycogen, GAGs, cellulose, chitin
50
amylose
alpha-1,4-linkages
51
alpha amylase secreted by
parotid glands and pancreas
52
amylopectin
alpha-1,4 linkages and alpha-1,6 linkages
53
cellulose
beta-1,4 linkages
54
Dextrans
are polysaccharides of glucose produced extracellularly by bacteria and yeast. Enzymeused to produce dextrans is dextran sucrase, and the substrate is fructans stored intracellulary to reserve nutrients.
55
Saturated fat contain how many DB?
0
56
Essentail FA ___be synthesized because humans lack the enzymes to place DBs at certain position_____. Thus, humans must obtain them from their ___.
cannot, (omega-3 and omega-6), diet
57
Cells derive E from FA through?
beta-oxidation
58
Lipids can't move in body so packaged in micellar structures called
lipoproteins
59
Lipids or proteins more dense
Proteins | *Thus, there's a inverse relationship between lipid content and density.
60
Types of lipoproteins (lipid-binding proteins, responsible for the transport in the blood of triglyercides, phopholipids, cholesterol, and cholesterol esters from the liver to tissues or organs)
Chylomicron: least dense lipoprotein. contain triglyceride VLDLs: low density. High content of triglycerides LDLs: low-density. less triglyercide and more protein content. High cholesterol. Primary plasma carriers of cholesterol for delivery to all tissues but esp. to the liver. HDLs: high density. lowest triglyeride and highest protein content. Produced de novo in the liver. Most dense to least dense: HDL-LDL-VLDL-chylomicrons
61
Ketone bodies used by
muscles (skeletal and cardiac), BRAIN, kidneys. *FA can't be oxidized by brain because can't cross BBB.
62
ketone bodies---?--->acetyl CoA
succinyl CoA as CoA donor and thiophorase
63
FA synthesis and triacylglycerol synthesis occurs in the?
cytoplasm
64
____ is 3-C intermediate that participates in the biosynthesis of FA but not in their breakdown.
Malonyl-CoA *Coenzyme A does both!!
65
Ketosis symptoms
ketones in the urine (ketonuria) ketone bodies in the blood (ketonemia) potassium LOSS in the urine fruity odor of acetone on the breath
66
FA synthesis takes place in ___, while FA breakdown (catabolism) occurs in the ____.
mitochondria; cytosol (cytoplasm)
67
2 board classes of aa: 1. hydrophobic (_____) aa reside where? 2. hydrophilic (____) aa reseide where
1. non-polar; interior of proteins | 2. polar; exterior of proteins
68
Essential aa
Those that cannot be synthesized
69
Nonessential aa
Those that are synthesized from common metabolic intermediate or from other aa.
70
Purely ketogenic aa
leucine, lysine
71
Both ketogenic and glucogenic aa
isoleucine, tryptophan, phynylalanine, tyrosine, threonine
72
of heme group: myoglobin? hemoglobin
myoglobin=1 heme group | hemoglobin=4 heme groups
73
aa in proteins have what configuration
L-configuration
74
configuration found in antibiotics and in bacterial cell walls
D-configuration
75
alpha-ketoglutarate gives rise to glutamate, which in turn is the precursor of
glutamine, proline, arginine
76
3-phosphoglycerate gives rise to serine which is the precursor of
glycine and cystein.
77
oxaloacetate gives rise to aspartate, which in turn is the precursor of
asparagine, methionine, threonine, lysine
78
pyruvate gives rise to
alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine.
79
ribose-5P gives rise to
histidine
80
Marfan Syndrome
Due to mutation in fibrillin-1. Symptoms: heart and aortic complications; usu. tall, long limbs and fingers.
81
Primary Protein Structure
consists of a sequence of aa linked together by covalent peptide bonds.
82
Secondary Protein Structure
Refers to spatial arrangement of a pp chain determined by aa present in primary sequence. Common types of sec. structures are alpha-helix, beta-pleated sheets and beta-hairpin turns (reverse turns).
83
Tertiary Protein Structure
Refers to irregular folding of a pp chain (3-dimensional conformation) . e.g. globular, fibrous, pleated sheet Use x-ray diffraction
84
Quaternary Protein Structure
Spaial arrangement of subunits in a protein that consists of more than one pp chain. e.g. hemoglobin, Ab molecules found in blood of a mammal
85
Albinism is a genetic disease caused by the absence of
tyrosinase
86
Vitamin B1
thiamine
87
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
brain disorder caused by a lack of vitamin B-1 (thiamine).
88
Vitamin B12 aka
cobalamin.
89
Deficiency of Vitamin B12 causes
glossitis
90
Deficiency in Vitamin K
clotting disorder
91
Hemorrhagic disease of newborn
nutritional deficiency of vitamin K Vitamin K is (not stored in great extent in body)
92
Vitamin H aka
Biotin (part of B complex group of vitamins)
93
Vitamin B2 aka
riboflavin
94
B3 aka
niacin
95
B9 aka
folic acid
96
Fat soluble vitamins meaning you can overdose on them are
Vitamin D,E,A,K
97
Histamine and Bradykinin causes
vasodilation of the arterioles, venous constriction, increased Pc and increased filtration out of the capillaries resulting in local edema.
98
Saliva characteristics in relation to ions and enzymes
``` high K and NCO3 concentrations low Na and Cl concentrations presence of alpha-amylase and lingual lipase Hypotonic low osmolarity ```
99
GLUT 1
mediates glucose transport into red cells and throught BBB.
100
GLUT 2
provides glucose to liver and pancreatic cells
101
GLUT 3
main transporter of neurons
102
GLUT 4
primarily expressed in muscle and adipose tissue and is regulated by INSULIN
103
GLUT 5
transporters fructose in the intestine and testis.
104
intensity (dB)=amplitude=
loudness
105
number of cycles per second=frequency (Hz)=
pitch
106
timbre
quality related to presence of additional sound-wave frequencies superimposed on the principal frequency.
107
Isotopes have same and different what?
have same atomic number but different mass numbers, atomic weight, and neutrons.
108
IgG
Most common Ig; passes placenta and enters fetal circulation
109
IgA
second most abundant;
110
IgD
receptor site for B lymphocyte
111
IgM
Large Ab. First Ab to appear (Note: MADGE), complement activation, A and B antigens

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