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MBCHB - PRINCIPLES 1 Summary > Biochemistry Summary > Flashcards

Biochemistry Summary Flashcards

Missing Glycolysis

1
Q

Bond Strengths strongest to weakest

A

Covalent, Ionic, Hydrogen, Hydrophobic interaction, Van der Waals

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2
Q

OILRIG

A

Oxidation is loss
Reduction is gain

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3
Q

AH + B <-> A + BH
Which is reducing agent?
Which is oxidising agent?

A

A - reducing agent
B - oxidising agent

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4
Q

What do peptides and proteins consist of?

A

Amino acids

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5
Q

Types of lipids

A

triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids

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6
Q

Types of nucleic acid

A

DNA, RNA

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7
Q

Types of carbohydrate

A

Mono, di, poly, saccharides

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8
Q

When free energy is negative, the reaction is exergonic, can reaction occur spontaneously?

A

Yes (-delta G)

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9
Q

When free energy is positive, the reaction is endergonic, can reaction occur spontaneously?

A

No (+delta G)

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10
Q

What is the primary structure of a protein?

A

Sequence of amino acids

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11
Q

What is the secondary structure of a protein?

A

Formation of polypeptide backbone

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12
Q

What is the tertiary structure of a protein?

A

Folding into a 3D shape

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13
Q

What is the quaternary structure of a protein?

A

Spacial arrangement of multiple units

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14
Q

What type of structure does collagen have?

A

Triple helix

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15
Q

Where is collagen abundant?

A

Connective tissue

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16
Q

What is SER responsible for?

A

Synthesis of steroid hormones

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17
Q

What is RER responsible for?

A

Synthesis of polypeptides

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18
Q

What is Mitochondria responsible for?

A

ATP synthesis, can multiply independently

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19
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus responsible for?

A

Distributes and modifies proteins

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20
Q

What is Ribosomes responsible for?

A

Location where RNA is translated into a protein

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21
Q

What is a Prokaryote?

A

Single cell organism that does not have a defined nucleus

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22
Q

What is a eukaryote?

A

Normal cell with a nucleus

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23
Q

Nucleoside consists of

A

Base + Sugar

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24
Q

Nucleotide consists of

A

Nucleoside + phosphate

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25
What are the purines?
Adenine and Guanine
26
What are the pyrimidines?
Thymine and Cytosine In RNA Uracil
27
What type of bonds are between 3' OH group and 5' triphosphate
Phosphodiester bond
28
Which base pairs with Adenine in DNA?
Thymine
29
Which base pair with Adenine in RNA?
Uracil
30
Which base pairs with Thymine?
Adenine
31
Which base pairs with Cytosine?
Guanine
32
Which base pairs with Guanine?
Cytosine
33
Which direction does DNA replication take place?
5' to 3' direction
34
What is DNA replication catalysed by?
DNA polymerases
35
What is required for DNA replication?
RNA primer
36
Which end is always free on the leading strand during DNA replication?
3' end
37
How is the lagging strand replicated during DNA replication?
In short fragments called Okazaki fragments
38
What unwinds DNA during DNA replication?
Helicase
39
What is the strand structure of RNA?
Single stranded and contains a stem loop
40
What is rRNA responsible for?
Combines with proteins to form ribosomes, where protein synthesis takes place
41
What is tRNA responsible for?
Carries amino acids to be incorporated into protein
42
Which class of RNA contains an anticodon?
tRNA
43
What do anticodons consist of?
3 nucleotides
44
What is mRNA responsible for?
Carries genetic information for protein synthesis
45
What are RNA polymerases?
Multi-subunit complexes
46
What type of RNA polymerase synthesises all mRNA?
Pol II
47
What are the stages of transcription during DNA replication?
RNA polymerase binding DNA chain separation Transcription initiation Elongation Termination
48
DNA replication - transcription What happens during RNA polymerase binding?
Detection of initiation states on DNA (promoters) Requires transcription factors
49
DNA replication - transcription What happens during DNA chain separation?
DNA unwinds
50
DNA replication - transcription What happens during Elongation?
Addition of further nucleotides to RNA chain
51
DNA replication - transcription What happens during Termination?
Release of finished RNA
52
What is the transcription factor required for all Pol II transcribed genes?
TFIID
53
What are the coding regions of genes?
Exons
54
What are the non-coding regions of genes?
Introns
55
How are introns removed?
Splicing
56
When does splicing occur?
Before translation into a protein
57
What are the stages of Translation during DNA replication?
Initiation Elongation Peptide bond formation and translocation Termination
58
DNA replication - Translation What happens during Initiation?
Formation of initiation complex Fuelled by GTP
59
DNA replication - Translation What happens during Elongation?
Anticodons of tRNA pair with codons on mRNA Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases catalyse the attachment of amino acids to corresponding tRNA molecules
60
DNA replication - Translation What happens during peptide bond formation and translocation?
Catalysing of peptide bond formation between amino acids at P and A sites
61
DNA replication - Translation What happens during termination?
Occurs when site A encounters a stop codon Finished proteins cleave off tRNA
62
What are the 3 tRNA binding sites?
E - Exit P - Peptidyl A - Aminoacyl
63
What does degenerate genetic code mean?
Amino acids can have more than one codon This is true for many amino acids
64
What does unambiguous genetic code mean?
Each codon codes for only one amino acid
65
What do enzymes speed up?
Rate at which reaction reaches equilibrium
66
Do enzymes affect the position of equilibrium?
No
67
How do enzymes work as catalysts?
They lower activation energy of reaction They stabilise the transition state
68
What are enzymes without a cofactor called?
Apoenzymes
69
What are enzymes with a cofactor called?
Holoenzymes
70
Where do substrates bind on an enzyme?
Active site
71
What is an induced fit?
Binding of substrate causes a conformational change in the shape of the enzyme resulting in complementary fit
72
Which enzyme catalyses phosphorylation?
Kinases
73
Where is cholesterol found?
Cell membranes Component of myelin sheath
74
What is cholesterol a precursor molecule of?
Steroid hormones Vitamin D Bile acids
75
What lipid is the lipid bilayer made of?
Triglycerides
76
What can triglycerides be used as?
Highly concentrated energy stores

MBCHB - PRINCIPLES 1 Summary (5 decks)

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