Biochemistry (Unit 1) Flashcards
(230 cards)
1
Q
makes up everything in the universe
A
matter
2
Q
matter is made up of small units called
A
atoms
3
Q
atoms can combine to form more complex structures called
A
molecules
4
Q
Elements are
A
PURE SUBSTANCES that cannot
be broken down into simpler substances
5
Q
All ORGANIC COMPOUNDS contain
A
CARBON ATOMS and may also contain HYDROGEN and OXYGEN
6
Q
96% of living things are made up of what 4 elements
A
(CHON) Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen
7
Q
2 Trace elements include (around 1%)
A
iodine and iron
8
Q
atoms are composed of
A
Protons (+), Electrons (-) and Neutrons (0)
9
Q
The NUMBER _______
determines the TYPE OF ELEMENT
A
OF PROTONS
10
Q
Atoms are ____ because they have the
same number of _____ and ______
A
neutral, protons and electrons
11
Q
Atomic Mass: The weight of
_____ + _____ (electrons are
so small we ignore their mass)
A
Protons + Neutrons
12
Q
Are they found inside or outside the nucleus?
Protons -
Electrons -
Neutrons -
A
Protons - inside
Electrons - outside
Neutrons - inside
13
Q
a form of an element that has the
same # of protons but different # of neutrons
A
isotopes
14
Q
Isotopes have the same # of ____ diff ____
A
same # of protons but different # of neutrons
15
Q
Unstable Isotope that decays giving off radiation (Transforms into an atom of another element)
A
Radioisotopes
16
Q
Radioactive Decay
A
occurs at a steady and
measurable rate. Can be used to determine the
age of rocks and fossils.
17
Q
Radioactive Tracers
A
radioisotopes can be used
to trace the path of atoms throughout the body.
18
Q
ionic bonds
A
bond that forms between two
oppositely charged atoms/molecules
positive Cation and Negative Anion
metal+non-metal
19
Q
Covalent Bonds
A
– when atoms SHARE valence
electrons
-nonmetal+nonmetal
20
Q
the measure of an atom’s attraction to shared electrons
A
Electronegativity
21
Q
HIGH Electronegativity =
LOW Electronegativity =
A
strong attraction of e-
weak attraction of e-
22
Q
an unequal sharing of electrons
A
Polar Covalent Bond
23
Q
Polar Molecules are generally water
soluble or not?
A
are water soluble
24
Q
Non-polar Molecules are generally water soluble or not?
A
not water soluble
25
In H2O what is more negative
Oxygen (has a stronger
pull on electrons and
becomes Slightly
More Negative)
26
what are the three Forces of attraction between molecules
-hydrogen boning
-dipole dipole
-van der waals
27
Intermolecular vs Intramolecular
Inter : between
Intra : within
28
Hydrogen Bonds
–attractive force between slightly positive hydrogen atoms and a slightly negative atom in another molecule
Ex: Water
29
Dipole - Dipole
– attractive force between slightly positive atoms (not hydrogen) and a slightly negative atom in another molecule
30
van der Waal Forces
very weak attractions between two
molecules, or parts of molecules
when they are close together
Form from the momentary
attractions of electrons to nuclei
of other molecules
Larger molecules have larger
forces of attraction than smaller
molecules
31
4 common Biological Reactions
-Dehydration Synthesis
Hydrolysis
Neutralization
Redox
32
Hydrolysis Reaction
– involves splitting a larger
molecule apart by adding a water molecule
Adds an –OH group to one molecule and a
Hydrogen atom to the other
32
Dehydration Reaction (Condensation Reaction) -
Involves the joining of two molecules through the
removal of water
One molecule loses a Hydrogen atom while the other
loses an –OH group
33
Neutralization Reactions
– a reaction in which
an acid and a base combine to create a salt and
water
34
Redox Reactions
– an electron transfer reaction
35
Reduction –
Oxidation –
Reduction – gaining of electrons
Oxidation – loss of electrons
36
what is the universal solvent
water
37
why is water the universal solvent?
helps to dissolve many substances
38
your body is made up of 60% of what?
WATER
39
liquid that does the dissolving
solvent
40
thing that gets dissolved in solvent
solute
41
Virtually all cellular processes occur in
_____ and ALL LIVING THINGS contain _____
water
42
What are the 5 properties of water
-cohesion
-adhesion
-High Specific Heat Capacity
-High Specific Heat of Vaporization
-Solid Water is Less Dense
43
Adhesion (and examples of how it helps)
– force of
attraction between
different molecules
Water molecules may
also form hydrogen
bonds with other polar
molecules
Helps plants transport
water (sticks to xylem)
Allows water to dissolve
polar substances
43
Cohesion (and examples of how it helps)
– force of
attraction between like
molecules
Water molecules
form hydrogen
bonds with each
other
This results in surface
tension and allows
small insects/spiders
to walk on water
44
High Specific Heat Capacity (and examples of how it helps)
water
can absorb large amounts of thermal
energy when heated (also releases
large amounts of thermal energy as it
cools)
Helps organisms maintain a
constant body temperature (holds
heat)
45
High Specific Heat of Vaporization (and examples of how it helps)
– water absorbs large amounts of
heat as it evaporates
Many organisms cool themselves
through evaporation (sweating)
46
Solid Water is Less Dense than Liquid Water (explain)
As water cools the water molecules form a lattice
structure that spreads the molecules farther apart
thus lowering density
The result is that ICE FLOATS!
Prevents ice from killing aquatic organisms
Snow has a very high insulation value – keeps
critters warm in winter
47
Water molecules are STRONGLY polar or non-polar
POLAR
48
Hydrophilic –
Hydrophobic –
Hydrophilic – polar substances
that are attracted to water (ex.
Salt)
Hydrophobic – non-polar
substances that are not attracted
to water
49
What system measures
how ACIDIC or BASIC a
solution is.
ph scale
50
Acidic =
Basic =
Neutral =
Acidic = Low pH
Basic = High pH
Neutral = pH 7
51
Base:
-what ions are responsible?
-properties (taste, colour, electrcity etc)
OH- ions are responsible for alkalinity (basic)
(OH- > H3O+ = Basic)
Taste Bitter, Feel Slippery, Conducts
Electricity, Turns Red Litmus paper Blue
NaOH(s) + H20(l) 🡪 Na+(aq) + OH-(aq)
52
Acids:
-what ions are responsible?
-properties (taste, colour, electrcity etc)
H3O+ ions are responsible for acidity
(H3O+ > OH- = acidic)
Taste Sour, Conduct Electricity, Turns Blue
Litmus paper Red
HCl(g) + H20(l)🡪 H3O+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
52
completely dissociates in
water (ex. 100% of HCl dissociates)
Strong Acid/Base
53
only a small percentage of
the molecules dissociate in water (ex. 10% of Ammonia, a base, dissociates in water)
Weak Acid/Base
54
a chemical that can change pH by accepting or
releasing H+ ions
buffers
55
are strong acids or weak acids better buffers
weak
56
what is the base of every organic molecule
carbon atoms
57
cabron can form:
ring and chain structures
58
what forms the backbone of large complex molecules
carbon atoms
59
Carbon molecules that
only contain Carbon and
Hydrogen are called...
HYDROCARBONS
60
Hydrocarbons are
commonly used as
FUELS
61
Functional Group
a group of atoms that
affects the function of a molecule by
participating in chemical reactions
Attach to Carbon structures and give them
specific chemical characteristics
Often IONIC/STRONGLY POLAR and so are
involved in chemical reactions
Non-polar parts DO NOT INTERACT in
reactions
62
Carbon molecules can
occur in _____ and
______ Chains
BRANCHED and
UNBRANCHED Chains
63
-C-OH
Hydroxyl (alochols)
64
-c-c=O
-c-c=O-c-c
carbonyl
65
-c-c-NH2
Amine (amino acids)
66
-c-c=o + OH
carboxyl (organic acids)
67
c-c-PO
Phosphate (ATP) - many cellular molecules (nucleotides/nucleic acids)
68
c-c-S-H
Sulfhydryl
68
Makes molecules available for cell use by making them water soluble
Functional Groups
69
_____ can be metabolised by the cell
because it contains a functional group that makes it water soluble. ______, even though it contains more energy, is not usable since it is not water soluble due to the lack of a functional
group.
Ethanol - OH
Ethane
70
Carboxyl (COOH) – can release or accept protons?
RELEASE (acts as
an acid)
71
Amino (NH2) – can release or accept protons?
ACCEPT (acts as a base)
72
Phosphate (H3PO4) – can release or accept protons?
RELEASE (loses hydrogen atoms to
become PO42- acts as an acid)
73
Amino Acids contain what 2 groups
the amino groups and acidic carboxyl groups, hence the name.
74
Overall Structure of
Carbohydrates
Large molecules
Mainly composed of Carbon,
Hydrogen and Oxygen
Perform many complex cellular functions
75
Carbohydrate
organic molecule that consists of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen
One of the most abundant
biological molecules on
earth
Found in fruit, grains, and
vegetables
Come in simple and
complex forms
76
simplest
carbohydrate, consists of a
single sugar molecule
Most commonly occur as
3,5 and 6 carbon forms in
living organisms
Can occur as linear
(straight molecules) but
often form RING
STRUCTURES in water
Monosaccharides
77
a molecule that has the same composition
but different arrangement of atoms
Isomer
78
simple carbs (Monosaccharides) Generally have many _______ FUNCTIONAL GROUPS attached to them
POLAR (This makes sugars hydrophilic and thus highly
soluble in water)
79
– a carbohydrate molecule made
up of TWO monosaccharides
Disaccharide
80
Monosaccharides are joined together by
_________ and the resulting
bonds are called ______ Bonds
DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS
Glycosidic
81
a bond between two
monosaccharides
Glycosidic Bond
82
– molecule that
contains more than 2 linked
monosaccharides
Polysaccharide
83
– the linking of smaller
subunits to create a larger molecule
polymerization
84
a single subunit
Monomer –
85
a large molecule that is
formed when monomers link together
Polymer –
86
Cellulose,
a polymer of glucose, is the most
abundant organic molecule on earth and
provides structural support for plants
87
Starch
helps store sugar in plants
88
Chitin
is a structural polysaccharide found in
insects and fungi
88
Glycogen
stores sugars in animals
89
a non-polar compound that is made mostly of carbon and hydrogen (hydrophobic)
LIPID
90
purpose of lipid (6)
Forms cell membranes
Energy source
Hormones
Waterproofing
Insulation
Cushioning
91
5 examples of lipids
-Fatty Acid
-Fats
-Phospholipid
-Steroid
-Wax
92
a molecule that consists of a
carboxyl group and a hydrocarbon chain
Fatty acid
93
a combination of fatty
acids and glycerol molecules
Fats
94
Triglyceride
a fat that contains
three fatty acids linked to a
glycerol molecule
95
Fatty acids are linked to a
glycerol molecule via ________
dehydration synthesis
96
SATURATED FATS
single bonds in their hydrocarbon
solid
straight
97
UNSATURATED FATS
double bonds
liquid
bent
98
Phospholipid
a lipid that contains:
-two fatty acids
-and a phosphate group
-bound to a glycerol
99
Phospholipid Forms a double layered membrane
around cells/organelles called a
_______
Phospholipid Bilayer
100
Steroid –
a lipid that is composed of 4 carbon rings
101
wax: a lipid that is formed when__________ are joined to ______ or _______ rings
Form what?
May also be used to build structures such as ______
a lipid that is formed when long fatty
acid chains are joined to alcohols or carbon rings
Form flexible, waterproof coatings on
plant/animal parts
May also be used to build structures such as honeycombs
102
_________ are the most diverse
group of molecules in living
systems
Proteins
103
Proteins are polymers
that are made up of ________ monomers
amino acid
104
a molecule that consists
of a carboxyl group and
an amino group;
building blocks of
proteins.
Amino Acid
105
There are ____ different types of R Groups and thus ______ different types of amino acids
20
106
Differences in the_______ gives each
amino acid different properties
R Groups
107
_______ may be positive/negative,
polar/non-polar or may act as
acids/bases
R Groups
108
amino acids that need to be acquired through diet
Essential Amino Acids
109
there are how many essential amino acids?
(8 amino acids)
110
amino acids that can be made in the body
Non-Essential Amino Acids
111
there are how many non essential amino acids?
(12 amino acids)
112
large molecules made up of amino
acids with a distinct three dimensional shape
Proteins
113
7 main (type of protein) functions of protiens
-structural
-defensive
-signal
-carrier
-Recognition & Receptor
-Enzyme
-Motile
114
type of protien: Structural
-Function
-Example
-Provides a framework of
support
-Hair, tendons, ligaments
115
type of protien: Defensive
-Function
-Example
-Fights infections
-Antibodies
116
type of protien: Signal
-Function
-Example
-Carries messages
-hormones
117
type of protien: Carrier
-Function
-Example
-Transports materials
-Hemoglobin (carries oxygen)
118
type of protien: Recognition &
Receptor
-Function
-Example
-Cellular markers
-Major Histocompatibility Complex
119
type of protien: Enzyme
-Function
-Example
-Reaction Catalyst
-Amylase
120
Proteins are built by attaching ______
into chains
Amino Acids
121
type of protein: Motile
-Function
-Example
-Movement
-Actin and myosin
122
Amino acids are connected by attaching a ______
group to a _______ group by _______
The resulting bond is called a _________
-NH2
-COOH
-Dehydration Synthesis
-Peptide Bond
123
a term used to describe a chain of
amino acids
peptide
124
a peptide with more than 50 amino acids
Polypeptide
125
Proteins have up to _____ levels of structure
4
126
What are the 4 proteins levels of structure (with brief description)
-Primary Structure –
chain of amino acids
-Secondary Structure – the coiling/folding of amino acid chains (zig-zag/spiral):
Occurs because of hydrogen bonding between different amino acids
-Tertiary Structure – folding of protein caused by R-group interactions
-Quaternary Structure – linking several separate polypeptide chains
126
the loss of both the structure
and function of a protein
Denaturation
127
Proteins can also bond
with non-protein
structures: True or False
TRUE
128
________ serve as the assembly
instructions for all proteins in living organisms.
Nucleic Acids
129
two types of nucleic acids
DNA and RNA
130
DNA stores ___________
hereditary information
131
is involved in protein synthesis and is the hereditary molecule of some viruses
RNA
132
All nucleic acids are
polymers of _________
nucleotides
133
Nucleotides consists of (3 things)
-a sugar
-phosphate group
-nitrogenous base
134
DNA and RNA are chains of nucleotides,
joined together by the ______ and the _______ by ___________ bonds
-phosphate
-sugar
-by phosphodiester bonds
134
There are two types of
nitrogen bases:
purines and pyrimidines
135
DNA molecules are ______ stranded, contains nitrogen bases ______ and ______ sugar
-double stranded
-A,T,G,C
-deoxyribose sugar
136
RNA molecules are _____ stranded, contains nitrogen bases _______ and ______ sugar
-single stranded
-A,U,G,C,
-ribose sugar
136
________ and _________are nucleotides that that transport energy from one reaction system to another
-Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
- Guanosine triphosphate (GTP
137
a biological catalyst
Enzyme
138
Enzymes...
-Speeds up chemical reactions
-Helps to break down/build molecules
-REUSABLE
-Have very specific shapes and only react
with specific substances
139
the substance that reacts with
an enzyme
Substrate
140
describes how enzymes change shape to better attach to a substrate
Induced-Fit Hypothesis
140
a pocket/groove in an enzyme that
binds to the substrate
Active Site
141
term used to describe enzymes bonded to substrate(s)
Enzyme-Substrate Complex
142
Cofactor
– non-protein
group that binds to
enzymes and helps them
function
Often metals such as
copper, iron, zinc etc.
142
Lower enzyme reaction rate
Bind to enzymes to inhibit activity
Enzyme Inhibitors
143
Factors that Affect Enzyme Activity (from lab) - and how they effect
-Surface Area (increase SA, increase activity)
-PH (base more activty)
-Temp (increase as heated, prime temp 35)
143
Coenzyme
– an organic
molecule that acts as a
cofactor of an enzyme
may be derived from
vitamins
144
the concentration of both enzyme and
substrate will influence the rate of reaction: TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
144
Rate of reaction is NOT proportional to Enzyme Concentration (Enzymes limit reaction speed): TRUE OR FALSE
FALSE (Rate of reaction is proportional to Enzyme Concentration)
145
binds to active site to prevent
substrate from binding
Competitive Inhibitor
145
binds to enzyme and changes the
shape, indirectly prevents substrate from binding
Non-competitive Inhibitor
145
a binding site on an enzyme where
allosteric molecules attach
Allosteric Site
146
stabilizes enzyme into an inactive form
Allosteric Inhibition
146
regulation of enzyme function using other molecules that bind to the enzyme
Allosteric Regulation
147
Applications of Enzymes
Treating Lactose Intolerance – take
lactase pills to help break down lactose
in dairy products
Making Cheese – enzymes used to
solidify milk into cheese
Breaking Down Starch – enzymes used
to break down plant starches into sugars
Stain Removal – used to break apart
certain types of staining molecules
without heating (Cold Water
Detergents)
147
the regulation of a pathway by one of the products of the pathway
Feedback Inhibition (Essentially once enough product is produced
then the pathway shuts down until more
product is needed)
147
stabilizes enzyme into an active form
Allosteric Activation
148
Cells all have _________ which help
them function
ORGANELLES
149
surrounds the cell and protects it.
Controls the movement of
substances into and out of the
cell
Cell Membrane(Animal Cells)
149
main diff bewteen animal and plant cells
-Animal cells do not have cell walls, plants do
-Animal cells have many vacuoles, plants have 1 large
-Animals do not have chloroplast, plants do
149
a structure within a
cell with a specific function.
Organelle
150
tough outer layer that surrounds plant cells
Cell Wall (Plants)
150
the fluid inside cells
Cytosol
150
controls the cell’s activities, contains DNA
Nucleus
150
The _____ inside the nucleus
contains the instructions for
producing other materials
DNA
151
The Nucleus is surrounded by the ______ and also contains the _________
NUCLEAR ENVELOPE
NUCLEOLUS
151
makes ribosomes
Nucleolus
152
Membrane proteins are
embedded in a ________
lipid bilayer
152
build proteins, may be free floating or
attached to the Endoplasmic Reticulum.
Ribosomes
153
Ribosomes Builds _______ by attaching AMINO ACIDS into chains.
protiens
153
a group of interacting organelles between the nucleus and the plasma membrane
The endomembrane system
153
The Endoplasmic Reticulum is
made up of two parts:
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
– makes lipids, steroids, breaks
down toxins, releases calcium
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum –
covered with ribosomes, stores
proteins for later transport
153
Ribosomes Build ______ (a type of protein) which are important
in breaking/building other molecules
Enzymes
154
The _______________ consists
of two lipid bilayers that are
folded together
nuclear envelope
154
an organelle that processes, packages and transports materials produced in the cell.
Golgi Body
154
Substances made in the ER are
transported/stored with
_________ (small, membrane
bound containers)
VESICLES
154
– large
membrane bound structures
Acts as storage compartments
Keeps cell firm by pushing
against cell walls
Disposal site for harmful
chemicals
May contain defensive
chemicals
Vacuoles (Plants)
155
Lysosome Functions (4)
Fighting Diseases
Digestion
Recycling old cell parts
Killing the Cell
155
organelles that
contain enzymes that digest other
molecules
Lysosomes
156
photosynthetic organelles, uses sunlight energy to make sugars
Chloroplasts
156
site of cellular respiration which produces energy
Mitochondria
156
folds of inner membrane increase surface area = more reactions
Cristae
157
Green colour of chloroplast comes from
_______ and helps capture sunlight energy
Chlorophyll
157
fluid where reactions
occur
Matrix
158
_________ – smaller
transport sacs
Vacuoles (Animals)
159
provides cell structure, helps with
cell division, allows organelles to move
Cytoskeleton
160
support tube made of tubulin
proteins
Microtubule
161
structure made of actin proteins
Microfilament
162
microtubules used for
movement/transporting substances (and example)
Cilium (cilia pl.)
EX:
-Paramecium move with the help of cilia
-Mucus is moved via cilia in your lungs
163
limb like structures formed by amoeba
Pseudopods
EX: Microtubules help cell change shape to move/engulf food
163
long tail-like microtubules used
for movement (and example)
Flagellum (Flagella pl.)
EX: Sperm cells
164
states that membrane proteins float freely throughout the phospholipid bilayer
Fluid Mosaic Model
165
Membranes are rigid with molecules locked into place
FALSE (Membranes are NOT rigid with molecules locked into place)
166
a membrane lipid attached to a carbohydrate group
Glycolipid
167
a membrane protein attached to a carbohydrate group
Glycoprotein
168
_____ (commonly Cholesterol) help to stop membranes from becoming too rigid in cold temperatures and hold membranes together at higher temperatures
Sterols
169
Hydrophobic ______ and Hydrophilic _____ form bilayer in water (forms spontaneously)
-Hydrophobic tails
-Hydrophilic head
170
The polar end (hydrophilic) in a phospholipid molecule has (3 things)
-polar alcohol
-phosphate group
-glycerol
171
Integral Membrane Proteins:
-Embedded in lipid bilayer
-Has areas that interact with water/lipids
172
5 roles of Membrane Proteins
-Transport
-Enzymatic Activity
-Triggering Signals
-Attachment
-Recognition
172
Peripheral Membrane Proteins:
-On the surface of the membrane
-Don’t interact with hydrophobic core of bilayer
173
PASSIVE TRANSPORT:
_______ drives passive transport
Molecules/ions move from _______ to _____ concentrations
Diffusion
HIGH to LOW
173
movement of a substance
across the membrane without using energy
Passive Transport
174
_______ movement of small/non-polar
substances across the membrane without using energy
Ex. CO2 and O2 can move freely across membranes
Smaller substances move faster than larger substances
Simple Diffusion
174
3 types of passive transport
-Simple Diffusion
-Facilitated Diffusion
-Osmosis
175
the passive diffusion of water across a membrane
Moves from ____to _____ concentration
Osmosis
-low to high
175
Hypotonic Solution
low concentration of solutes outside cell = water rushes into cell
175
Isotonic Solution
equal concentration of solutes inside and outside of cell = no net movement of water
175
_________ use of proteins to help
move substances across the membrane
Uses TRANSPORT PROTEINS which provide pathways for movement across membrane
Facilitated Diffusion
176
hydrophilic pathway through
membrane
Channel Protein
176
physically binds to molecules to aid in transportation
Carrier Protein
176
Hypertonic Solution
high concentration of solutes outside cell = water rushes out of cell
177
the movement of substances
across the membrane using energy
Active Transport
177
for active transport is Movement AGAINST or WITH the concentration
gradient
AGAINST
177
Primary Active Transport
Move POSITIVELY CHARGED IONS across
membranes
Generally relies upon ATP
Ex. H+, Ca2+, Na+, K+
Helps establish Electrochemical Gradients which
are important in Nerve Functioning (more on this
later on)
178
Uses energy from the Concentration Gradient built up by Primary Active Transport to transport substances
Secondary Active Transport
179
transported substances move in the
same direction as ions
Symport
180
transported substances move in the
opposite direction as ions
Antiport
181
transport of substances from inside the cell to outside of the cell using vesicles
Exocytosis
182
Pinocytosis
(cell drinking) brings in fluid along
with any molecules inside the fluid
183
transport of substances from outside the cell to inside the cell using vesicles
in one of three distinct but related pathways
Endocytosis
184
Receptor-mediated Endocytosis
has molecules bind to receptor proteins on the outer surface before coming into the cell
185
Phagocytosis
(cell eating) brings in solid materials
like bacteria, dead cells, or other foreign material
