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Biology 12 > Biochemistry (Unit 1) > Flashcards

Biochemistry (Unit 1) Flashcards

1
Q

makes up everything in the universe

A

matter

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2
Q

matter is made up of small units called

A

atoms

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3
Q

atoms can combine to form more complex structures called

A

molecules

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4
Q

Elements are

A

PURE SUBSTANCES that cannot
be broken down into simpler substances

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5
Q

All ORGANIC COMPOUNDS contain

A

CARBON ATOMS and may also contain HYDROGEN and OXYGEN

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6
Q

96% of living things are made up of what 4 elements

A

(CHON) Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen

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7
Q

2 Trace elements include (around 1%)

A

iodine and iron

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8
Q

atoms are composed of

A

Protons (+), Electrons (-) and Neutrons (0)

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9
Q

The NUMBER _______
determines the TYPE OF ELEMENT

A

OF PROTONS

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10
Q

Atoms are ____ because they have the
same number of _____ and ______

A

neutral, protons and electrons

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11
Q

Atomic Mass: The weight of
_____ + _____ (electrons are
so small we ignore their mass)

A

Protons + Neutrons

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12
Q

Are they found inside or outside the nucleus?

Protons -
Electrons -
Neutrons -

A

Protons - inside
Electrons - outside
Neutrons - inside

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13
Q

a form of an element that has the
same # of protons but different # of neutrons

A

isotopes

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14
Q

Isotopes have the same # of ____ diff ____

A

same # of protons but different # of neutrons

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15
Q

Unstable Isotope that decays giving off radiation (Transforms into an atom of another element)

A

Radioisotopes

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16
Q

Radioactive Decay

A

occurs at a steady and
measurable rate. Can be used to determine the
age of rocks and fossils.

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17
Q

Radioactive Tracers

A

radioisotopes can be used
to trace the path of atoms throughout the body.

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18
Q

ionic bonds

A

bond that forms between two
oppositely charged atoms/molecules

positive Cation and Negative Anion

metal+non-metal

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19
Q

Covalent Bonds

A

– when atoms SHARE valence
electrons
-nonmetal+nonmetal

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20
Q

the measure of an atom’s attraction to shared electrons

A

Electronegativity

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21
Q

HIGH Electronegativity =
LOW Electronegativity =

A

strong attraction of e-
weak attraction of e-

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22
Q

an unequal sharing of electrons

A

Polar Covalent Bond

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23
Q

Polar Molecules are generally water
soluble or not?

A

are water soluble

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24
Q

Non-polar Molecules are generally water soluble or not?

A

not water soluble

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25
Q

In H2O what is more negative

A

Oxygen (has a stronger
pull on electrons and
becomes Slightly
More Negative)

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26
Q

what are the three Forces of attraction between molecules

A

-hydrogen boning
-dipole dipole
-van der waals

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27
Q

Intermolecular vs Intramolecular

A

Inter : between
Intra : within

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28
Q

Hydrogen Bonds

A

–attractive force between slightly positive hydrogen atoms and a slightly negative atom in another molecule

Ex: Water

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29
Q

Dipole - Dipole

A

– attractive force between slightly positive atoms (not hydrogen) and a slightly negative atom in another molecule

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30
Q

van der Waal Forces

A

very weak attractions between two
molecules, or parts of molecules
when they are close together

Form from the momentary
attractions of electrons to nuclei
of other molecules

Larger molecules have larger
forces of attraction than smaller
molecules

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31
Q

4 common Biological Reactions

A

-Dehydration Synthesis

Hydrolysis

Neutralization

Redox

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32
Q

Hydrolysis Reaction

A

– involves splitting a larger
molecule apart by adding a water molecule

Adds an –OH group to one molecule and a
Hydrogen atom to the other

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32
Q

Dehydration Reaction (Condensation Reaction) -

A

Involves the joining of two molecules through the
removal of water

One molecule loses a Hydrogen atom while the other
loses an –OH group

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33
Q

Neutralization Reactions

A

– a reaction in which
an acid and a base combine to create a salt and
water

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34
Q

Redox Reactions

A

– an electron transfer reaction

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35
Q

Reduction –

Oxidation –

A

Reduction – gaining of electrons

Oxidation – loss of electrons

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36
Q

what is the universal solvent

A

water

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37
Q

why is water the universal solvent?

A

helps to dissolve many substances

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38
Q

your body is made up of 60% of what?

A

WATER

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39
Q

liquid that does the dissolving

A

solvent

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40
Q

thing that gets dissolved in solvent

A

solute

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41
Q

Virtually all cellular processes occur in
_____ and ALL LIVING THINGS contain _____

A

water

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42
Q

What are the 5 properties of water

A

-cohesion
-adhesion
-High Specific Heat Capacity
-High Specific Heat of Vaporization
-Solid Water is Less Dense

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43
Q

Adhesion (and examples of how it helps)

A

– force of
attraction between
different molecules

Water molecules may
also form hydrogen
bonds with other polar
molecules

Helps plants transport
water (sticks to xylem)

Allows water to dissolve
polar substances

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43
Q

Cohesion (and examples of how it helps)

A

– force of
attraction between like
molecules

Water molecules
form hydrogen
bonds with each
other

This results in surface
tension and allows
small insects/spiders
to walk on water

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44
Q

High Specific Heat Capacity (and examples of how it helps)

A

water
can absorb large amounts of thermal
energy when heated (also releases
large amounts of thermal energy as it
cools)

Helps organisms maintain a
constant body temperature (holds
heat)

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45
Q

High Specific Heat of Vaporization (and examples of how it helps)

A

– water absorbs large amounts of
heat as it evaporates

Many organisms cool themselves
through evaporation (sweating)

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46
Q

Solid Water is Less Dense than Liquid Water (explain)

A

As water cools the water molecules form a lattice
structure that spreads the molecules farther apart
thus lowering density

The result is that ICE FLOATS!

Prevents ice from killing aquatic organisms

Snow has a very high insulation value – keeps
critters warm in winter

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47
Q

Water molecules are STRONGLY polar or non-polar

A

POLAR

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48
Q

Hydrophilic –

Hydrophobic –

A

Hydrophilic – polar substances
that are attracted to water (ex.
Salt)

Hydrophobic – non-polar
substances that are not attracted
to water

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49
Q

What system measures
how ACIDIC or BASIC a
solution is.

A

ph scale

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50
Q

Acidic =

Basic =

Neutral =

A

Acidic = Low pH

Basic = High pH

Neutral = pH 7

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51
Q

Base:
-what ions are responsible?
-properties (taste, colour, electrcity etc)

A

OH- ions are responsible for alkalinity (basic)
(OH- > H3O+ = Basic)

Taste Bitter, Feel Slippery, Conducts
Electricity, Turns Red Litmus paper Blue

NaOH(s) + H20(l) 🡪 Na+(aq) + OH-(aq)

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52
Q

Acids:
-what ions are responsible?
-properties (taste, colour, electrcity etc)

A

H3O+ ions are responsible for acidity
(H3O+ > OH- = acidic)

Taste Sour, Conduct Electricity, Turns Blue
Litmus paper Red

HCl(g) + H20(l)🡪 H3O+(aq) + Cl-(aq)

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52
Q

completely dissociates in
water (ex. 100% of HCl dissociates)

A

Strong Acid/Base

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53
Q

only a small percentage of
the molecules dissociate in water (ex. 10% of Ammonia, a base, dissociates in water)

A

Weak Acid/Base

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54
Q

a chemical that can change pH by accepting or
releasing H+ ions

A

buffers

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55
Q

are strong acids or weak acids better buffers

A

weak

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56
Q

what is the base of every organic molecule

A

carbon atoms

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57
Q

cabron can form:

A

ring and chain structures

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58
Q

what forms the backbone of large complex molecules

A

carbon atoms

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59
Q

Carbon molecules that
only contain Carbon and
Hydrogen are called…

A

HYDROCARBONS

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60
Q

Hydrocarbons are
commonly used as

A

FUELS

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61
Q

Functional Group

A

a group of atoms that
affects the function of a molecule by
participating in chemical reactions

Attach to Carbon structures and give them
specific chemical characteristics

Often IONIC/STRONGLY POLAR and so are
involved in chemical reactions

Non-polar parts DO NOT INTERACT in
reactions

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62
Q

Carbon molecules can
occur in _____ and
______ Chains

A

BRANCHED and
UNBRANCHED Chains

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63
Q

-C-OH

A

Hydroxyl (alochols)

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64
Q

-c-c=O
-c-c=O-c-c

A

carbonyl

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65
Q

-c-c-NH2

A

Amine (amino acids)

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66
Q

-c-c=o + OH

A

carboxyl (organic acids)

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67
Q

c-c-PO

A

Phosphate (ATP) - many cellular molecules (nucleotides/nucleic acids)

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68
Q

c-c-S-H

A

Sulfhydryl

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68
Q

Makes molecules available for cell use by making them water soluble

A

Functional Groups

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69
Q

_____ can be metabolised by the cell
because it contains a functional group that makes it water soluble. ______, even though it contains more energy, is not usable since it is not water soluble due to the lack of a functional
group.

A

Ethanol - OH
Ethane

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70
Q

Carboxyl (COOH) – can release or accept protons?

A

RELEASE (acts as
an acid)

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71
Q

Amino (NH2) – can release or accept protons?

A

ACCEPT (acts as a base)

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72
Q

Phosphate (H3PO4) – can release or accept protons?

A

RELEASE (loses hydrogen atoms to
become PO42- acts as an acid)

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73
Q

Amino Acids contain what 2 groups

A

the amino groups and acidic carboxyl groups, hence the name.

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74
Q

Overall Structure of
Carbohydrates

A

Large molecules

Mainly composed of Carbon,
Hydrogen and Oxygen

Perform many complex cellular functions

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75
Q

Carbohydrate

A

organic molecule that consists of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen

One of the most abundant
biological molecules on
earth

Found in fruit, grains, and
vegetables

Come in simple and
complex forms

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76
Q

simplest
carbohydrate, consists of a
single sugar molecule

Most commonly occur as
3,5 and 6 carbon forms in
living organisms

Can occur as linear
(straight molecules) but
often form RING
STRUCTURES in water

A

Monosaccharides

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77
Q

a molecule that has the same composition
but different arrangement of atoms

A

Isomer

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78
Q

simple carbs (Monosaccharides) Generally have many _______ FUNCTIONAL GROUPS attached to them

A

POLAR (This makes sugars hydrophilic and thus highly
soluble in water)

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79
Q

– a carbohydrate molecule made
up of TWO monosaccharides

A

Disaccharide

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80
Q

Monosaccharides are joined together by
_________ and the resulting
bonds are called ______ Bonds

A

DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS
Glycosidic

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81
Q

a bond between two
monosaccharides

A

Glycosidic Bond

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82
Q

– molecule that
contains more than 2 linked
monosaccharides

A

Polysaccharide

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83
Q

– the linking of smaller
subunits to create a larger molecule

A

polymerization

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84
Q

a single subunit

A

Monomer –

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85
Q

a large molecule that is
formed when monomers link together

A

Polymer –

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86
Q

Cellulose,

A

a polymer of glucose, is the most
abundant organic molecule on earth and
provides structural support for plants

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87
Q

Starch

A

helps store sugar in plants

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88
Q

Chitin

A

is a structural polysaccharide found in
insects and fungi

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88
Q

Glycogen

A

stores sugars in animals

89
Q

a non-polar compound that is made mostly of carbon and hydrogen (hydrophobic)

A

LIPID

90
Q

purpose of lipid (6)

A

Forms cell membranes

Energy source

Hormones

Waterproofing

Insulation

Cushioning

91
Q

5 examples of lipids

A

-Fatty Acid
-Fats
-Phospholipid
-Steroid
-Wax

92
Q

a molecule that consists of a
carboxyl group and a hydrocarbon chain

A

Fatty acid

93
Q

a combination of fatty
acids and glycerol molecules

A

Fats

94
Q

Triglyceride

A

a fat that contains
three fatty acids linked to a
glycerol molecule

95
Q

Fatty acids are linked to a
glycerol molecule via ________

A

dehydration synthesis

96
Q

SATURATED FATS

A

single bonds in their hydrocarbon
solid
straight

97
Q

UNSATURATED FATS

A

double bonds
liquid
bent

98
Q

Phospholipid

A

a lipid that contains:
-two fatty acids
-and a phosphate group
-bound to a glycerol

99
Q

Phospholipid Forms a double layered membrane
around cells/organelles called a
_______

A

Phospholipid Bilayer

100
Q

Steroid –

A

a lipid that is composed of 4 carbon rings

101
Q

wax: a lipid that is formed when__________ are joined to ______ or _______ rings

Form what?

May also be used to build structures such as ______

A

a lipid that is formed when long fatty
acid chains are joined to alcohols or carbon rings

Form flexible, waterproof coatings on
plant/animal parts

May also be used to build structures such as honeycombs

102
Q

_________ are the most diverse
group of molecules in living
systems

A

Proteins

103
Q

Proteins are polymers
that are made up of ________ monomers

A

amino acid

104
Q

a molecule that consists
of a carboxyl group and
an amino group;
building blocks of
proteins.

A

Amino Acid

105
Q

There are ____ different types of R Groups and thus ______ different types of amino acids

A

20

106
Q

Differences in the_______ gives each
amino acid different properties

A

R Groups

107
Q

_______ may be positive/negative,
polar/non-polar or may act as
acids/bases

A

R Groups

108
Q

amino acids that need to be acquired through diet

A

Essential Amino Acids

109
Q

there are how many essential amino acids?

A

(8 amino acids)

110
Q

amino acids that can be made in the body

A

Non-Essential Amino Acids

111
Q

there are how many non essential amino acids?

A

(12 amino acids)

112
Q

large molecules made up of amino
acids with a distinct three dimensional shape

A

Proteins

113
Q

7 main (type of protein) functions of protiens

A

-structural
-defensive
-signal
-carrier
-Recognition & Receptor
-Enzyme
-Motile

114
Q

type of protien: Structural
-Function
-Example

A

-Provides a framework of
support
-Hair, tendons, ligaments

115
Q

type of protien: Defensive
-Function
-Example

A

-Fights infections
-Antibodies

116
Q

type of protien: Signal
-Function
-Example

A

-Carries messages
-hormones

117
Q

type of protien: Carrier
-Function
-Example

A

-Transports materials
-Hemoglobin (carries oxygen)

118
Q

type of protien: Recognition &
Receptor
-Function
-Example

A

-Cellular markers
-Major Histocompatibility Complex

119
Q

type of protien: Enzyme
-Function
-Example

A

-Reaction Catalyst
-Amylase

120
Q

Proteins are built by attaching ______
into chains

A

Amino Acids

121
Q

type of protein: Motile
-Function
-Example

A

-Movement
-Actin and myosin

122
Q

Amino acids are connected by attaching a ______
group to a _______ group by _______
The resulting bond is called a _________

A

-NH2
-COOH
-Dehydration Synthesis
-Peptide Bond

123
Q

a term used to describe a chain of
amino acids

A

peptide

124
Q

a peptide with more than 50 amino acids

A

Polypeptide

125
Q

Proteins have up to _____ levels of structure

A

4

126
Q

What are the 4 proteins levels of structure (with brief description)

A

-Primary Structure –
chain of amino acids

-Secondary Structure – the coiling/folding of amino acid chains (zig-zag/spiral):
Occurs because of hydrogen bonding between different amino acids

-Tertiary Structure – folding of protein caused by R-group interactions

-Quaternary Structure – linking several separate polypeptide chains

126
Q

the loss of both the structure
and function of a protein

A

Denaturation

127
Q

Proteins can also bond
with non-protein
structures: True or False

A

TRUE

128
Q

________ serve as the assembly
instructions for all proteins in living organisms.

A

Nucleic Acids

129
Q

two types of nucleic acids

A

DNA and RNA

130
Q

DNA stores ___________

A

hereditary information

131
Q

is involved in protein synthesis and is the hereditary molecule of some viruses

A

RNA

132
Q

All nucleic acids are
polymers of _________

A

nucleotides

133
Q

Nucleotides consists of (3 things)

A

-a sugar
-phosphate group
-nitrogenous base

134
Q

DNA and RNA are chains of nucleotides,
joined together by the ______ and the _______ by ___________ bonds

A

-phosphate
-sugar
-by phosphodiester bonds

134
Q

There are two types of
nitrogen bases:

A

purines and pyrimidines

135
Q

DNA molecules are ______ stranded, contains nitrogen bases ______ and ______ sugar

A

-double stranded
-A,T,G,C
-deoxyribose sugar

136
Q

RNA molecules are _____ stranded, contains nitrogen bases _______ and ______ sugar

A

-single stranded
-A,U,G,C,
-ribose sugar

136
Q

________ and _________are nucleotides that that transport energy from one reaction system to another

A

-Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
- Guanosine triphosphate (GTP

137
Q

a biological catalyst

A

Enzyme

138
Q

Enzymes…

A

-Speeds up chemical reactions

-Helps to break down/build molecules

-REUSABLE

-Have very specific shapes and only react
with specific substances

139
Q

the substance that reacts with
an enzyme

A

Substrate

140
Q

describes how enzymes change shape to better attach to a substrate

A

Induced-Fit Hypothesis

140
Q

a pocket/groove in an enzyme that
binds to the substrate

A

Active Site

141
Q

term used to describe enzymes bonded to substrate(s)

A

Enzyme-Substrate Complex

142
Q

Cofactor

A

– non-protein
group that binds to
enzymes and helps them
function

Often metals such as
copper, iron, zinc etc.

142
Q

Lower enzyme reaction rate

Bind to enzymes to inhibit activity

A

Enzyme Inhibitors

143
Q

Factors that Affect Enzyme Activity (from lab) - and how they effect

A

-Surface Area (increase SA, increase activity)
-PH (base more activty)
-Temp (increase as heated, prime temp 35)

143
Q

Coenzyme

A

– an organic
molecule that acts as a
cofactor of an enzyme

may be derived from
vitamins

144
Q

the concentration of both enzyme and
substrate will influence the rate of reaction: TRUE OR FALSE

A

TRUE

144
Q

Rate of reaction is NOT proportional to Enzyme Concentration (Enzymes limit reaction speed): TRUE OR FALSE

A

FALSE (Rate of reaction is proportional to Enzyme Concentration)

145
Q

binds to active site to prevent
substrate from binding

A

Competitive Inhibitor

145
Q

binds to enzyme and changes the
shape, indirectly prevents substrate from binding

A

Non-competitive Inhibitor

145
Q

a binding site on an enzyme where
allosteric molecules attach

A

Allosteric Site

146
Q

stabilizes enzyme into an inactive form

A

Allosteric Inhibition

146
Q

regulation of enzyme function using other molecules that bind to the enzyme

A

Allosteric Regulation

147
Q

Applications of Enzymes

A

Treating Lactose Intolerance – take
lactase pills to help break down lactose
in dairy products

Making Cheese – enzymes used to
solidify milk into cheese

Breaking Down Starch – enzymes used
to break down plant starches into sugars

Stain Removal – used to break apart
certain types of staining molecules
without heating (Cold Water
Detergents)

147
Q

the regulation of a pathway by one of the products of the pathway

A

Feedback Inhibition (Essentially once enough product is produced
then the pathway shuts down until more
product is needed)

147
Q

stabilizes enzyme into an active form

A

Allosteric Activation

148
Q

Cells all have _________ which help
them function

A

ORGANELLES

149
Q

surrounds the cell and protects it.
Controls the movement of
substances into and out of the
cell

A

Cell Membrane(Animal Cells)

149
Q

main diff bewteen animal and plant cells

A

-Animal cells do not have cell walls, plants do
-Animal cells have many vacuoles, plants have 1 large
-Animals do not have chloroplast, plants do

149
Q

a structure within a
cell with a specific function.

A

Organelle

150
Q

tough outer layer that surrounds plant cells

A

Cell Wall (Plants)

150
Q

the fluid inside cells

A

Cytosol

150
Q

controls the cell’s activities, contains DNA

A

Nucleus

150
Q

The _____ inside the nucleus
contains the instructions for
producing other materials

A

DNA

151
Q

The Nucleus is surrounded by the ______ and also contains the _________

A

NUCLEAR ENVELOPE
NUCLEOLUS

151
Q

makes ribosomes

A

Nucleolus

152
Q

Membrane proteins are
embedded in a ________

A

lipid bilayer

152
Q

build proteins, may be free floating or
attached to the Endoplasmic Reticulum.

A

Ribosomes

153
Q

Ribosomes Builds _______ by attaching AMINO ACIDS into chains.

A

protiens

153
Q

a group of interacting organelles between the nucleus and the plasma membrane

A

The endomembrane system

153
Q

The Endoplasmic Reticulum is
made up of two parts:

A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
– makes lipids, steroids, breaks
down toxins, releases calcium

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum –
covered with ribosomes, stores
proteins for later transport

153
Q

Ribosomes Build ______ (a type of protein) which are important
in breaking/building other molecules

A

Enzymes

154
Q

The _______________ consists
of two lipid bilayers that are
folded together

A

nuclear envelope

154
Q

an organelle that processes, packages and transports materials produced in the cell.

A

Golgi Body

154
Q

Substances made in the ER are
transported/stored with
_________ (small, membrane
bound containers)

A

VESICLES

154
Q

– large
membrane bound structures

Acts as storage compartments

Keeps cell firm by pushing
against cell walls

Disposal site for harmful
chemicals

May contain defensive
chemicals

A

Vacuoles (Plants)

155
Q

Lysosome Functions (4)

A

Fighting Diseases

Digestion

Recycling old cell parts

Killing the Cell

155
Q

organelles that
contain enzymes that digest other
molecules

A

Lysosomes

156
Q

photosynthetic organelles, uses sunlight energy to make sugars

A

Chloroplasts

156
Q

site of cellular respiration which produces energy

A

Mitochondria

156
Q

folds of inner membrane increase surface area = more reactions

A

Cristae

157
Q

Green colour of chloroplast comes from
_______ and helps capture sunlight energy

A

Chlorophyll

157
Q

fluid where reactions
occur

A

Matrix

158
Q

_________ – smaller
transport sacs

A

Vacuoles (Animals)

159
Q

provides cell structure, helps with
cell division, allows organelles to move

A

Cytoskeleton

160
Q

support tube made of tubulin
proteins

A

Microtubule

161
Q

structure made of actin proteins

A

Microfilament

162
Q

microtubules used for
movement/transporting substances (and example)

A

Cilium (cilia pl.)

EX:
-Paramecium move with the help of cilia
-Mucus is moved via cilia in your lungs

163
Q

limb like structures formed by amoeba

A

Pseudopods

EX: Microtubules help cell change shape to move/engulf food

163
Q

long tail-like microtubules used
for movement (and example)

A

Flagellum (Flagella pl.)

EX: Sperm cells

164
Q

states that membrane proteins float freely throughout the phospholipid bilayer

A

Fluid Mosaic Model

165
Q

Membranes are rigid with molecules locked into place

A

FALSE (Membranes are NOT rigid with molecules locked into place)

166
Q

a membrane lipid attached to a carbohydrate group

A

Glycolipid

167
Q

a membrane protein attached to a carbohydrate group

A

Glycoprotein

168
Q

_____ (commonly Cholesterol) help to stop membranes from becoming too rigid in cold temperatures and hold membranes together at higher temperatures

A

Sterols

169
Q

Hydrophobic ______ and Hydrophilic _____ form bilayer in water (forms spontaneously)

A

-Hydrophobic tails
-Hydrophilic head

170
Q

The polar end (hydrophilic) in a phospholipid molecule has (3 things)

A

-polar alcohol
-phosphate group
-glycerol

171
Q

Integral Membrane Proteins:

A

-Embedded in lipid bilayer

-Has areas that interact with water/lipids

172
Q

5 roles of Membrane Proteins

A

-Transport
-Enzymatic Activity
-Triggering Signals
-Attachment
-Recognition

172
Q

Peripheral Membrane Proteins:

A

-On the surface of the membrane

-Don’t interact with hydrophobic core of bilayer

173
Q

PASSIVE TRANSPORT:

_______ drives passive transport

Molecules/ions move from _______ to _____ concentrations

A

Diffusion
HIGH to LOW

173
Q

movement of a substance
across the membrane without using energy

A

Passive Transport

174
Q

_______ movement of small/non-polar
substances across the membrane without using energy

Ex. CO2 and O2 can move freely across membranes

Smaller substances move faster than larger substances

A

Simple Diffusion

174
Q

3 types of passive transport

A

-Simple Diffusion
-Facilitated Diffusion
-Osmosis

175
Q

the passive diffusion of water across a membrane

Moves from ____to _____ concentration

A

Osmosis
-low to high

175
Q

Hypotonic Solution

A

low concentration of solutes outside cell = water rushes into cell

175
Q

Isotonic Solution

A

equal concentration of solutes inside and outside of cell = no net movement of water

175
Q

_________ use of proteins to help
move substances across the membrane

Uses TRANSPORT PROTEINS which provide pathways for movement across membrane

A

Facilitated Diffusion

176
Q

hydrophilic pathway through
membrane

A

Channel Protein

176
Q

physically binds to molecules to aid in transportation

A

Carrier Protein

176
Q

Hypertonic Solution

A

high concentration of solutes outside cell = water rushes out of cell

177
Q

the movement of substances
across the membrane using energy

A

Active Transport

177
Q

for active transport is Movement AGAINST or WITH the concentration
gradient

A

AGAINST

177
Q

Primary Active Transport

A

Move POSITIVELY CHARGED IONS across
membranes

Generally relies upon ATP

Ex. H+, Ca2+, Na+, K+

Helps establish Electrochemical Gradients which
are important in Nerve Functioning (more on this
later on)

178
Q

Uses energy from the Concentration Gradient built up by Primary Active Transport to transport substances

A

Secondary Active Transport

179
Q

transported substances move in the
same direction as ions

A

Symport

180
Q

transported substances move in the
opposite direction as ions

A

Antiport

181
Q

transport of substances from inside the cell to outside of the cell using vesicles

A

Exocytosis

182
Q

Pinocytosis

A

(cell drinking) brings in fluid along
with any molecules inside the fluid

183
Q

transport of substances from outside the cell to inside the cell using vesicles
in one of three distinct but related pathways

A

Endocytosis

184
Q

Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

A

has molecules bind to receptor proteins on the outer surface before coming into the cell

185
Q

Phagocytosis

A

(cell eating) brings in solid materials
like bacteria, dead cells, or other foreign material

Biology 12 (7 decks)

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