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Biomaterials > Biocompatibility > Flashcards

Biocompatibility Flashcards

1
Q

What is biocompatibility?

A

The ability of a material to perform with an appropriate host response in a specific application

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2
Q

Problems of equating inertness with biocompatibility

A
  • No material is completely inert due to impurities or additives (ex: plasticizers)
  • Inert material will never truly incorporate (need to stimulate tissues for long term performance)
  • Interfacial relations will usually take place anyways
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3
Q

Examples of inert biomaterials

A 
Stainless steel
titanium
noble metals
alumina
polyethylene
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4
Q

Things that your body environment contains

A 
Anions
cations
organic substances
dissolved oxygen
chloride
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5
Q

pH of body

A

7.4
Inflammation - 4
Infections - 9

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6
Q

Temperature of body (Celsius)

A

37

can range from 10 to 50 depending on area of body though

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7
Q

How can protein adsorption control host response?

A

Plasma protein creates layer on surface of biomaterial through adsorption and desorption
Cell behaviour near material depends on these interactions, changing host response

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8
Q

Effect of material on local tissue

A 
Toxicity
Inflammation
Healing modification
Blood material interactions
Infection
Tumorigenesis
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9
Q

Effects of environment on materials: Physical-mechanical

A

Wear
Fatigue
Corrosion

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10
Q

Biological effects of environment on materials

A

Tissue absorption of implant components
Enzymatic degradation
Calcification

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11
Q

Systemic interactions of biomaterials

A

Embolyzation
Infection
Elevation of implant elements in blood
Lymphatic particle transport

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12
Q

Device patient complications

A

Thrombosis and thromboembolism
Infection
Adverse local tissue reaction
Adverse systemic effect

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13
Q

Host response to synthetic materials/foreign bodies

A

Synthetic materials don’t generate a specific response (unlike organ transplant for example)

Tissue derived biomaterial may elicit response including antibodies
Non-specific inflammatory response/ Foreign body response (attempted phagocytosis by macrophages)

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14
Q

Inflammatory response and wound healing

A

Insertion process of material produces acute inflammatory response (body’s defence to injury)

In longer term, scar tissue of fibrous collages and fibroblastic cells appears around implant

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15
Q

Negatively active materials

A

Material will continuously stimulate the inflammation
May lead to increased fibrosis and extensive casing
May produce active chronic inflammation

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16
Q

What balance needs to be struck for a material to be biocompatible?

A

A balance between inflammation and repair.

17
Q

Physical modifications to improve tissue interaction

A

Roughness or porosity

Increases mechanical bonding

18
Q

Chemical modifications to improve tissue interaction

A

Adding:

Groups to surface that stimulate adhesion (ex calcium phosphates to bone)

Biodegradable component to encourage tissue healing and replacement

19
Q

Examples of surface treatments

A

CpTi fibre metal coating on Ti alloy THA stem

Titanium plasma spray on oral implants

20
Q

Should blood material interactions be avoided? How are they controlled?

A

Any interaction with blood or implants should be avoided

Mayor approach to control thrombosis with cardiovascular devices is through anticoagulants

21
Q

Thrombogenicity

A

Induction of blood clot formation

22
Q

Thrombotic/ Blood material interactions

A
  1. Plasma protein deposition on foreign material exposed to blood
  2. Adhesion of platelets and white blood cells at surface
  3. Bulk fibrin formation (coagulation)
23
Q

How many implants fail due to infections, and why?

A

5-10%
They are often resistant to antibiotics and host defences
They increase chance of infection, since micro organisms get access to deeper tissue during implantation

24
Q

Early infections sources

A

airborne sources
non sterile surgical techniques
wound infections

25
Q

Late infections sources

A

Bacteria in blood borne route - ex a dental procedure

26
Q

Medical devices with highest infection rates

A

Bladder catheters
Central venous Catheters
Fracture Fixation Devices

27
Q

Medical devices with lowest infection rates

A

Heart assisted devices
Prosthetic heart valves
Mammary implants

28
Q

Can tumorigenesis occur with medical devices?

A

yes, but it is very rare, and appears years after implantation
Process not very well understood
Physical characteristics of foreign body determine cancer likelihood

29
Q

Systemic effects of implants

A

Metal allergies or hypersensitivity
Metallic ions combined with proteins in body can induce immune responses
Transport of particulates to regional lymph nodes or lungs

30
Q

Things that can affect success or failure of biomaterials

A

Variation in age, gender, genetics, body chemistries, and extent of physical activities of people
Physicians implant biomaterials with varying degrees of skills
Compromises and complications occur

Biomaterials (18 decks)

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