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Biology > Biodiversity > Flashcards

Biodiversity Flashcards

1
Q

What is the process called of organising living organisms into groups?

A

Classification

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2
Q

What is a species?

A

A species is a group of organisms that are able to produce living, fertile offspring

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3
Q

What is the system called to name species?

A

Binomial system

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4
Q

How does the binomial system work?

A

1st name - generic name genus

2nd name - specific species

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5
Q

What are the rules of binomial naming?

A
  1. Names must be printed in italics or written and underlined
  2. First letter of genus must be a capital but species all lower case
  3. If specific species name is unknown write spec
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6
Q

What is it called when species have similar behaviour traits which ensures they reproduce?

A

Courtship

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7
Q

What 5 things does courtship behaviour allow individuals to do?

A
  1. Recognise members of their own species so mating only takes place between same species everwise cant produce fertile offspring
  2. Identify a mate capable of breeding both need to be sexually mature, fertile and receptive to mating
  3. Form a pair bond will lead to successful mating and raising of offspring
  4. Synchronised mating so it takes place when there is maximum probability of sperm and egg meeting
  5. Become able to breed by bringing a member of opposite sex into a physiological state that allows breeding to occur
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8
Q

What is the theory and practice of biological classification called?

A

Taxonomy

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9
Q

What are the two types of classification?

A
  1. Artificial classification

2. Phylogenetic classification

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10
Q

What is artificial classification?

A

Divides organisms according to differences useful at the time

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11
Q

What is phylogenetic classification based on?

A

Evolutionary relationships, shared features from ancestors arranged into a hierachy no overlap of larger composite groups

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12
Q

What is the highest tax?

A

Domain

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13
Q

What are the three recognised domains?

A

Bacteria, archea and eukarya

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14
Q

What are bacteria?

A

No membrane bound organelles, unicellular, 70s ribosomes, single loop of dna, cell walls made up of murein

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15
Q

What are archea?

A

Group of single celled prokaryotes like bacteria but different because genes and protein synthesis more similar to eukaryotes and no murein in cell wall and more complex form of rna polymerase and fatty acid chains in walls with ether linkages

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16
Q

What are eukarya?

A

Group of organisms made up of one or more eukaryotic cells have membrane bound organelles membranes containing fatty caids and ester bknds and 80s ribosomes

17
Q

What 4 kingdoms is eukarya divided into?

A

Protoctista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia

18
Q

What is the classification order

A 
Domain
King
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus 
Species
19
Q

How to remember the classification order?

A

King phillip cried out for good soup

20
Q

What is phylogeny?

A

The evolutionary relationships

21
Q

What does a phylogenetic tree show?

A

Closer the branches closer the evolutionary relationship starts at bottom with common ancestor

22
Q

What is biodiversity the general term for?

A

Variety in the living world

23
Q

What is species diversity?

A

Number of different species and number of individuals of each species within any one community

24
Q

What is genetic diversity?

A

Variety of genes possessed by the individuals that make up a population of species

25
Q

What is ecosystem diversity?

A

Range of different habitats

26
Q

What is one measure of species diversity?

A

Species richness

27
Q

What is species richness?

A

Number of different species in a particular area at a given time

28
Q

How do you calculate the index of diversity?

A

Total no organisms of all species x total no organisms of all species - 1 / the sum of total no organisms of each species x total no organisms of each species-1

29
Q

What happens to genetic diversity during farming?

A

Reduced less alleles grow crops with desired features also pesticides kill crops only some are resistant only so index of diversity decreases

30
Q

What practices reduce diversity?

A
  1. Removal of hedgerows
  2. Create monocultures
  3. Fill in ponds
  4. Overgrazing of land
  5. Use of pesticides and inorganic fertilisers
  6. Lack of intercropping and crop rotation
  7. Escape of effluent from silage stores
31
Q

What are some conservation techniques?

A
  1. Maintain hedgerows in a shape
  2. Plant hedges not fences for boundaries
  3. Maintain and create new ponds
  4. Dont drain wet corners
  5. Plant native trees where low sd
  6. Reduce use of pesticides
  7. Use organic fertilisers
  8. Use intercropping not herbicides
  9. Create natural meadows using hay
  10. Leave cutting if verges
  11. Conservation headlands
32
Q

How can we investigate genetic diversity by comparing DNA base sequences?

A

Use gene technology to read bases of DNA where each nucleotides is tagged with a different colour analyse patterns to see where mutations have occurred

33
Q

What other way can we measure diversity by comparing DNA?

A

Comparing base sequence if mRNA

34
Q

How does comparing amino acid sequences in proteins help to investigate diversity?

A

Amino acids determined by mRNA which is determined by tRNA so changes in amino acids show changes in Dna but must remember it is degenerate

Biology (22 decks)

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