Biodiversity Flashcards

(56 cards)

1
Q

What is the definition of biodiversity

A

A measure of the variation found in the living world
- structural and functional variety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the definition of habitat

A

Where an organism lives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Example of habitats

A
  • sand dunes
  • woodland
  • meadows
  • streams
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is species richness

A

A measure of how many different species are present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is species evenness

A

A measure of how evenly represented the species are

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is genetic diversity

A

The variation in alleles between individuals belonging to the same species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What can genetic variation cause

A

Different breeds of animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the different type of non-random sampling methods

A
  • opportunistic
  • stratified
  • systematic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are examples of systematic sampling

A
  • line transect
  • belt transect
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are things you need to do to prepare to sample a habitat

A
  • suitable clothing
  • suitable footwear
  • apparatus needed to carry out the sampling
  • clipboard, pen and paper to record observations
  • appropriate key to identify plants
  • camera to record specimens and grid locations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What side of the quadrat should you count organisms

A

Bottom and left

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does a high species evenness show

A

The habitat is more diverse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the capture-mark-recapture technique

A
  • catch animals and count them
  • mark them and release
  • rest trap
  • count number with or without mark
  • use Lincoln-Petersen index
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the Lincoln-Petersen index

A

Population = (number caught 1st x number caught 2nd) / number of marked animals caught

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the formula for species diversity index

A

D = 1 - [sum of (n/N)^2]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does n stand for in the species diversity index

A

Population of any one species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does N stand for in the species diversity index

A

Number of all species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does a high value in the species diversity index mean
‘Simpson’ s diversity index’

A

A diverse habitat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is a locus

A

The position of that gene on a chromosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How to calculate genetic diversity

A

(Number of polymorphic loci / total number of loci ) x 100

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Ways to catch invertebrates

A
  • sweep netting
  • sheet under a branch and shake it
  • pitfall trap
  • tullgren funnel
  • light trap
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is a pitfall trap

A

Small container buried in the soil with the rim just bellow the surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is a tullgren funnel

A
  • place leaf litter in a funnel
  • light at the top of the funnel: drives the animals downwards
  • animals fall through the mesh into a container
24
Q

What is genetic diversity

A

Variation in alleles within a species

25
What is species diversity
Variation of species within a habitat
26
What is habitat diversity
Variation of habitats within an ecosystem
27
What are the different types of biodiversity
- genetic - species - habitat
28
What is random sampling
Investigating the difference between two environmentally distinct areas
29
What is systematic sampling
Investigating changes in population along an environmental gradient
30
Examples of non-random sampling
- opportunistic - systematic - stratified
31
What are the different ways to measure abundance
- species diversity - % cover - frequency - ACFOr
32
What does ACFOR stand for
- abundant - common - frequent - occasional - rate qualitative
33
What is the ACFOR scale
Subjective scale to measure abundance
34
What are the different types of distribution
- clumped - uniform - random
35
What is the gene pool
All the copies of all the genes in that population
36
What is genetic drift
The change in allele frequency due to chance
37
What are the different types of genetic erosion
- founder effect - genetic bottleneck - artificial selection (selective breeding)
38
What is the equation for allele frequency
Number of dominant alleles / total number of alleles A/A+B
39
What is the founder effect
A few individuals from a population colonise a new region and set up a new population
40
What is genetic bottlenecking
Population may suffer severe drop in numbers - volcanic activity
41
How do you calculate the proportion of polymorphic gene loci
Number of polymorphic loci / total number of loci
42
What are the reasons to maintain biodiversity
- ethical reasons - areas of recreation - in situ conservation - ex situ conservation - ecosystem services - sustainability
43
What is ex-situ conservation
Removal of species to a protected place that is not its normal habitat
44
Examples of ex-situ conservation
- seed bank - zoo - botanic garden - gene banks
45
Advantages of ex-situ conservation
- helps maintain biodiversity - some organisms can be reintroduced to the wild - can complete scientific research
46
Disadvantages of ex-situ conservation
- organisms have to adapt to artificial environments - less than 85% of seeds germinate successfully
47
What is in-situ conservation
PREFERRED OPTION Preserving something in its natural habitat - in their original place
48
Examples of in-situ conservation
- UNESCO - nationally protected areas - national nature reserves - marine conservation zones - special scientific sites of interest (SSSI)
49
Advantages of in-situ conservation
- organisms are able to continue to evolve - more likely to breed
50
Disadvantages of in-situ conservation
- more risky for long term survival
51
Description of a protoctista
- eukaryotic - single called - wide variety of forms - free living - auto tropic and heterotropic nutrition
52
Description of fungi
- eukaryotic - walls made of chitin - free living or saprophytic
53
Description of plantae
- eukaryotic - multicellular - cells surrounded in cellulose cell wall - autotrophic - contain chlorophyll
54
Description of animalia
- eukaryotic - multicellular - heterotropic - able to move
55
What does autotrophic mean
Absorb simple molecules and build them into larger organic moelcules
56
What does heterotrophic mean
Digest large organic molecules to form smaller molecules for absorption