biodiversity

Question 1

what is classification

Answer 1

organising living organisms into groups

Question 2

what does it allow us to study

Answer 2

evolutionary relationships and the genetics of different species

Question 3

what are phylogenetic classifiation system

Answer 3

attempts to arrange species into groups based on their evoluntionary origins and relationships.

Question 4

what is speciation

Answer 4

the formation of a new and distinct species from common ancestors in evolution

Question 5

what is taxonomy

Answer 5

the study of these classification groups and their postitions in a hiercarchal order , known as taxonomic ranks

Question 6

what is the taxonomy names

Answer 6

domain , kingdom , phylum , class , order , family , genus ,species

Question 7

what is a feature of taxonomy

Answer 7

each organism can only belong to one group at each level - no overlap of the groups .

Question 8

what is the highest rank

Answer 8

a domain is the highest taxonomic rank and species smallest

Question 9

what is the binomial system

Answer 9

bi -two nomial - name
two name system of things which is their genus , species

Question 10

what is a species definition

Answer 10

a group of similar organisms that have the same features / same genes that are able to reproduce to give fertile offspring

Question 11

what is a species

Answer 11

the group that contains only one type of organism

Question 12

what is courtship

Answer 12

courtship in animals is a behaviour that eventually results in mating and reproduction

Question 13

what is the definition for biodiversity

Answer 13

the general term to describe the variety of living organisms in a particular area

Question 14

what are the 3 components of biodiversity

Answer 14

• species diversity - the number of different species and number of individuals of each species within one community
  -genetic diversity - the variety of genes possessed by individuals that make up any one species
  -ecosystem diversity - the range of different habitats within a particular area

Question 15

how do we measure species richness

Answer 15

we measure species diversity at a given time and this can be investigated using sampling within the habitat

Question 16

what is the index of diversity

Answer 16

is a measure of species diversity which takes into account both richness ( abundance ) and eveness. the index of diversity will give you a positive number equal to or bigger than 1
- if the index is 1 then all the organisms are the same ( no diversity )
- the bigger the index of diversity , the more diverse an area is

Question 17

how do you calulate index of diversity

Answer 17

N(N-1)
______
En(n-1)

N = total number of organisms in an area of all species
n= the total number of organisms of a particular species in the area

Question 18

what is a community

Answer 18

populations of different species living in the same habitat at the same time

Question 19

what is an ecosystem

Answer 19

a community and their abiotic enviroment

Question 20

what is a habitat

Answer 20

the place where an organism lives

Question 21

what is a population

Answer 21

all the organisms of one species in a habitat

Question 22

why is growing population a problem

Answer 22

• more land is being used for building houses, shops ect and this destroys habitats of plants and animals
• higher demand for food - compromises food security, and leads to greater land lost for farming .
  -more waste and pollution produced which damages the enviroment - from agriculture, transport , household waste ect
  -finite resources are being used up eg fossil fuels and metal ores

Question 23

what farming practices have reduced habitats and species diversity

Answer 23

• removal of hedgerows and woodlands
  -creating a monoculture
  -filling in ponds , marshes and draining peat bogs
  -use of pesticides and fertilisers
• escape of sewage
• absence of crop rotation

Question 24

why has productivity of farming increased

Answer 24

need to produce more food at a quicker rate , in other words farmers needed to produce a higher yield as population is expanding

Question 25

what are the management techniques

Answer 25

- use organic rather rather than inorganic fertilisers -reduce the use of pestidicdes - use genetically modified organisms resistant to pests - plant hedges rather than erect fences as field boundaries -maintain existing ponds and where possible create new ones -maintain existing hedgerows at the most beneficial height and shape -plant native trees on land with a low species diversity rather than in rich -species areas

Question 26

How do hedgerows around fields increase biodiversity

Answer 26

Increases plant and animal species diversity , more variety of food sources ,

Question 27

What is intercropping

Answer 27

Growing different crops in the same area

Question 28

How do scientists look at evolutionary relationships

Answer 28

-this includes changes to visible internal and external features -DNA and proteins -comparisons can be made of , DNA base sequence , mRNA base sequence, amino acid sequence

Question 29

How is comparison of observable characteristics carried out

Answer 29

Advances in gene technology , see what alleles organisms have based on the fact each characteristic is determined by a gene or genes , the variety within an observable characteristic depends on the number and variety of alleles of that gene

Question 30

What are the limitations of this

Answer 30

Characteristics can also be caused by environmental factors and a large number of observable characteristics are coded for by more than one gene

Question 31

How do we compare the base sequences of mRNA

Answer 31

This is coded for by dna so base sequences are complementary to those of the strand on dna so we can measure genetic diversity from dna diversity

Question 32

How can we compare amino acid sequence

Answer 32

Determined by dna so we can compare AA sequence of proteins , the degree of similarity in the AA sequence of the same protein in two species will also reflect how closely related they are . This can be done by counting similarities or differences

Question 33

How is comparison of dna base sequecnes carried out

Answer 33

Technology means we can read base sequences of dna and compare patterns of coloured bands (done by lasers and computer software) which shows the nucleotide bases present and therefore how diverse they are

Question 34

How do we use dna base sequence evidence

Answer 34

Due to mutations the sequences of nucleotide bases in dna will change, so species more closely related will show more similarity In their dna base sequence

Question 35

Why might sampling not be representative

Answer 35

Chance Sampling bias

Question 36

How can sampling bias be prevented

Answer 36

-use a random number generator , random sampling , analysis of data collected

Question 37

How can we minimise the effect of chance

Answer 37

Use a large sample size , smaller probability that chance will influence

Question 38

How can statistical tests be used to analyse the data collected

Answer 38

Shows us the probability of obtaining the values we got by chance and whether it is representative

Question 39

Explain the importance of taking large samples of plants

Answer 39

Makes sure sample was representative and identity anomalies

Question 40

Explain the importance of taking samples at random

Answer 40

Removes bias

Question 41

The index of diversity was higher in the hedge than in the barley field suggest why

Answer 41

Hedge has more plant species , larger variety of food sources and therefore more habitats

Question 42

What are some courtship examples ( might be Asked

Answer 42

- colourful patterns and visual displays such as the male pecok tail -complex courtship behaviours - chemical signals called pheromones

Question 43

In recent years our knowledge of prokaryotic biodiversity in the soil has increased suggest why

Answer 43

-dna / genome sequencing now used -can analyse more / every prokaryotic species in the community -rather than just recording measurable/observable characteristics