Biodiversity

Question 1

Types of biodiversity!

Answer 1

Habitat
Species
Genetic

Question 2

2 types of species biodiversity

Answer 2

Species richness & evenness

Question 3

Habitat biodiversity

Answer 3

Number of different habitats in an area

Question 4

Genetic biodiversity

Answer 4

The variety of genes that make up a species

Question 5

Species richness vs species evenness

Answer 5

Richness = the number of diff species in an area
Evenness = a comparison of the numbers of individuals of each species in an area

Question 6

What is community

Answer 6

The populations of living organisms in a particular habitat

Question 7

What’s sampling

Answer 7

Taking measurements of a limited number of individuals organisms present in a particular area
-> to measure biodiversity in an area

We can use it to
- estimate no. of organisms
- measure particular characteristics of organisms
- then you can make generalisations & assumptiond

Question 8

What’s random sampling + procedure

Answer 8

Selecting individuals by chance
E.g. @ a grass verge
1. Mark our a grid on the grass using 2 tape measures
2. Use random numbers to determine the x-co-ordinate & the y-co-ordinate in your grid
3. Then take a sample at each of the co-ordinate pairs generated

Question 9

3 ways to do. Non - random sampling

Answer 9

1. Opportunistic
2. Stratified
3. Systematic

Question 10

What’s opportunistic sample

Answer 10

Using organisms that are conveniently available. May not be representative of population, therefore weakest form of sampling

Question 11

What’s stratified sampling

Answer 11

Dividing populations can be putting them into groups based on a particular characteristic e.g. males & females.
A random sample is then taken from each of the strata proportional to its size

Question 12

What is systematic sampling + the 2 types

Answer 12

Different areas within an overall habitat are identified & then sampled separately. Often done using
-> a belt transect: mark 2 parallel lines & sample the area in between
-> a line transect: mark a line & take samples @ specific points

Question 13

Why is it important to sample a range

Answer 13

More reliable
-> sample bias reduced & a larger sample size also minimises idea of chance
This also makes the sample more representative

Question 14

Ways to sample animals

Answer 14

1. Pitfall traps
2. Sweep nets
3. Pooter

Question 15

How do use pitfall traps

Answer 15

Question 16

How to use a pooter

Answer 16

Question 17

Why use a sweep net

Answer 17

Catch insects in areas of long grass

Question 18

Why do we use quadrats to sample plants

Answer 18

As they’re immobile

Question 19

Point vs frame quadrant

Answer 19

Question 20

Most valid & representative sample =

Answer 20

• random sample + quadrats along a belt / line transect

Question 21

How to measure species richness

Answer 21

Use sampling techniques to make a list of all the species identified

Question 22

How to measure species evenness

Answer 22

Question 23

How to measure diversity

Answer 23

Question 24

Proportion of polymorphic gene loci

Answer 24

Number of polymorphic gene loci / total number of loci

The greater the proportion, the greater the biodiversity within the population

Question 25

Factors that affect genetic biodiversity

Answer 25

Question 26

Factors affecting biodiversity

Answer 26

Question 27

Factors affecting biodiversity

Answer 27

Question 28

Reasons for maintaining biodiversity

Answer 28

Question 29

Markscheme answer -> why maintain biodiversity for ecological aesthetic & economic reasons

Answer 29

Question 30

What are the 2 methods of maintaining biodiversity (both are ways of conservation)

Answer 30

In situ & ex situ

Question 31

Ex situ vs in situ

Answer 31

Question 32

What’s ‘in situ’ & examples of it

Answer 32

- inside natural habitat, therefore maintains not only genetic diversity of species, but also the evolutionary adaptions Keeps the endangered interacting, therefore independent relationships are maintained 1. Wild life reserves 2. Marine conservation zones

Question 33

How do wildlife reserves work?

Answer 33

- requires active management & techniques involve: 1. Restricting human access 2. Feeding animals 3. Controlling grazing 4. Reintroduction of species 5. Removing invading species 6. Halting succsssion

Question 34

How do Marine conservations work

Answer 34

Create areas of refuge where populations can build up & repopulate adjacent areas

Question 35

How does ex-situ conservation work + examples

Answer 35

- normally used in conjunction with in situ - involves removal of organisms from their natural habitat E.g. Botanic gardens Seed banks Captive breeding/Zoos

Question 36

How do botanic gardens work

Answer 36

Provide the species with the best resources e.g. provision of soil nutrients, sufficient watering, etc

Question 37

How do seed banks work

Answer 37

Storing the seeds (& their genetical material) so new ones can be planted way later, for reintroduction or breeding

Question 38

How do zoos/captive breeding work

Answer 38

Producing offspring in a human controlled environment, before careful reintroduction of the species

Question 39

Pros & cons of zoos & captive breeding

Answer 39

Question 40

What are the 3 conservation agreements

Answer 40

CSS (COUNTRYSHIP STEWARDSHIP SCHEME) CBD (RIO CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY) CITES (CONSERVATION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED)

Question 41

What’s the CSS / Countryside stewardship scheme

Answer 41

1991-2014: offered governmental payments to farmers to enhance & conserve the English landscape Specific aims e.g. sustaining beauty & diversity, improving habitats etc. -> how replaced by the ESS which operates similarly

Question 42

How does CBD : the Rio convention on biological diversity work

Answer 42

Requires countries to develop natural strategies on sustainable development, for the maintenance of biodiversity

Question 43

How does CITES work

Answer 43

-> established by the IUCN - treaty that regulates the international trade of wild plant & animal specimens & their products - international regulation of trade over borders to safeguard from over exploitation Over 35000 species