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Biology Topic 4 > Biodiversity > Flashcards

Biodiversity Flashcards

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1
Q

What’s biodiversity?

A

Variety of organsims

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2
Q

What’s species diversity?

A

Number of different species and the abundance of each species in an area

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3
Q

What’s genetic diversity?

A

Variation of alleles within a species

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4
Q

What’s endemism?

A

Species is unique to a single place

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5
Q

What’s natural selection?

A

Leading to adaptation and evolution that has increase biodiversity over time

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6
Q

What’s conservation?

A

Needed to help maintain biodiversity

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7
Q

What’s a habitat?

A

Place where an organism lives

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8
Q

How can you measure species diversity?

A

Count number of different species in area
Higher species greater sources richness
Count number of different species and number of individuals in each species
Use index of diversity to calculate species diversity

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9
Q

How to calculate species diversity ?

A

Choose small area to sample
Count number of individuals of each species in sample area
Plants - quadrant
Flying insects - sweepnet
Insects - pitfall trap
Aquatic animals - net
Repeat process
Use results to estimate Tortola Humber of individuals in habitat being studied

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10
Q

What’s genetic diversity?

A

Variety of alleles in the gene pool of a species or population

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11
Q

What’s a gene pool?

A

Complete set of alleles in a species or population

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12
Q

What 2 things do you look at to measure genetic diversity?

A

Phenotype and genotype

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13
Q

What’s a phenotype?

A

Observational characteristics of an organism

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14
Q

What’s a genotype?

A
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15
Q

What does heterozygosity index measure and what’s the equation?

A

Genetic diversity
Number of heterozygotes / number of individuals in the population

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16
Q

How can biodiversity be measured and what’s the equation?

A

Index of diversity
D = N(N-1) / ßn(n-1)

N is the total number of organisms of all species
n is the total number of organisms of one species
ß is sum of

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17
Q

What’s a niche?

A

Role of a species within its habitat

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18
Q

What happened if 2 species type to occupy the same niche?

A

They’ll compete with each other

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19
Q

How many species can occupy a niche?

A

Only 1

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20
Q

What are the 3 ways that organisms can be adapted to their niche?

A

Behavioural adaptations
Physiological adaptations
Anatomical adaptations

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21
Q

What’s a behavioural adaptation?

A

Ways an organism acts that increase its chance of survival
e.g. some organisms dance to attract mates

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22
Q

What’s a physiological adaptations?

A

Processes inside an organisms body that increase its chance of survival
e.g. hibernations to lower rate of metabolism

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23
Q

What’s an anatomical adaptation?

A

Structural features of an organisms body that increase its chance of survival
e.g. whales have a thicker layer of fat to keep them warm

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24
Q

How do adaptations become more common?

A

By evolution

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25
What is selection pressure and give an example?
Anything that affects an organisms chance of survival e.g. predation, disease and competition
26
What does an advantageous allele do?
Ensures the organism can survive for longer
27
Name the process how adaptations become more common by evolution…
Mutations introduce new alleles into a population so individuals in that population show variation in their phenotypes Some alleles determine characteristics that can make the individual more likely to survive Selection pressures create struggle for survival Individuals without advantageous allele done survive Individuals with advantageous allele are more likely to survive and reproduce Advantageous allele is passed on to offspring Over time number of individuals with advantageous allele increases Over generations this leads to evolution as frequency of advantageous allele becomes more common
28
Who can up with the theory of evolution by natural selection?
Charles Darwin
29
What’s the peppered moth theory?
They show variation in colour due to a mutation in gene There were more light than dark moths Pollution had blackened many trees Dark moths were no better adapted to environment due to having the advantageous allele meaning they could camouflage Light coloured moths were more susceptible to predation therefore dark moths had less competition Dark moths could survive longer and reproduce and pass on allele to offspring Over time frequency of alleles increased and dark moths became more common
30
What is speciation?
Development of a new species
31
What is a species
Organisms capable of interbreeding and can produce fertile offspring
32
When does speciation occur?
Populations of the same species become reproductively isolated
33
What are the changes that can cause speciation?
Seasonal - individuals from same population develop different mating seasons Mechanical - changes in genitalia prevent successful mating Behavioural - group of individuals develop courtship rituals that aren’t attractive in main population
34
What can geographical isolation lead to?
Speciation
35
When does geographical isolation occur?
- Physical barrier divides a population of a species - Conditions on either side of barrier will be different - As environment is different on each side different characteristics will become more common due to natural selection - eventually different populations will become genetically distinct (they’ll have become reproductively isolated) - 2 groups will have become separate species
36
What is evolution?
A change in allele frequency
37
How are new alleles usually generated?
By mutations
38
How can allele frequencies be calculated?
Using the hardy-Weinberg equation
39
What is the hardy-Weinberg equation?
P2+2PQ+Q2=1/100%
40
What does P2 stand for?
Frequency of homozygous dominant genotype
41
What does 2PQ stand for?
Frequency of heterozygous genotype
42
What does Q2 stand for?
Frequency of homozygous recessive genotype
43
What does P stand for?
Frequency of dominant allele
44
What does Q stand for?
Frequency of recessive allele
45
What do allele frequencies show?
If a population is changing overtime
46
What is classification?
Placing organisms into groups on the shared characteristics
47
What is the groups in the classification system?
Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
48
What happens when you go down the hierarchy of the classification system?
There are more groups but fewer organisms in each group
49
What is the name of the naming system and who invented it?
Binomial Carl Linnaeus
50
What is the classification system based on?
Phenotypes genotypes and how related they are
51
What new technologies have been used to enable organisms genotypes?
looking at DNA sequences
52
What are the 5 kingdoms that organisms can be placed in?
Animal Plant Prokaryote Fungi Protist
53
What is an example of animal kingdom and some features?
Heterotroph Cannot produce its own food
54
What’s an example of plant kingdom and some features?
A type of plant It has a cellulose cell wall
55
What’s an example of a prokaryote kingdom and some features?
Peptidoglycan cell wall
56
What’s an example of fungi kingdom and some features?
Chitin cell wall and digests outside of it
57
What’s an example of protist kingdom and some features?
It has no cell wall (Also known as protoctista)
58
What are 2 example of phylum?
Vertebrates and invertebrates (Part of the animal kingdom)
59
What are the 5 examples of class?
Birds Fish Mammals Amphibians Reptiles
60
What’s a feature that makes birds distinctive?
Feathers
61
What’s a feature that makes fish distinctive?
Wet scales (produce slime that helps reduce friction)
62
What’s a feature that makes mammals distinctive?
Fur/hair Give birth to live young Produce milk
63
What’s a feature that makes amphibians distinctive?
Lay eggs in water Have moist permeable skin
64
What’s a feature that makes reptiles distinctive?
Dry scales Lay eggs on land
65
What are the classification systems names?
Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
66
What happens as you move down the hierarchy of the system?
More groups but fewer organism
67
What are the classifications of organisms based on?
Genotype Phenotype How related they are
68
What’s the 2 word naming system called and who created it?
Binomial Carl Linnaeus
69
What is convergent evolution?
Unrelated organisms that have evolved to look more similar
70
Why is convergent evolution problematic for classification and what technology do we have to overcome this?
They could be incorrectly classified as the same family/genus because they look similar DNA technology and check sequence of amino acids for level of similarity
71
What did Carl Woese discover?
Made a discovery in a lake which was a brand new organism but organisms didn’t fit into any of car Linnaeus kingdoms He looked at the DNA of the organisms and it wasn’t the same as other prokaryotes DNA He added the Domain above kingdoms and it was split into 3: bacteria, archae, eukarya Kingdoms then change depending on the domain
72
What is an example of Archae?
Extremophiles
73
What do zoos and seed banks do?
Help conserve endangered species
74
What does extinction or loss of genetic diversity cause?
Reduction in global diversity
75
What do seedbanks store?
Seeds from plants that are endangered
76
What does the work of seedbanks involve?
Creating cool dry conditions needed for storage (seeds can be stored for a long time) Testing seeds is needed for viability (ability to grow into a plant)
77
What are some advantages of a seedbank?
Cheaper to store seeds than fully grown plants Less labour required to look after seeds than plants Seeds are less likely to be damaged by disease or vandalism than plants
78
What are some disadvantages of seedbanks?
Testing viability can be expensive and time consuming Too expensive to store all types of seeds and regularly test their viability Difficult to collect seeds as they may grow in remote locations
79
What programmes do zoos have to help endangered species?
Captive breeding programmes
80
What can species do in the zoo to help increase their numbers?
Be bred together
81
What are some problems with captive breeding programmes?
Animals can have problems breeding outside their natural habitat Some people think it’s cruel to keep animals in captive even if it’s done to prevent them coming extinct
82
Why and how can organisms from zoos and seedbanks be reintroduced to the wild?
Reintroduction of plants/animals from seedbanks and zoos can increase their number sun the Wild Bring them back from brink of extinction Restoring loss habitats
83
What are some problems caused by reintroduction of animals and seeds into the wild?
Could bring new diseases into habitats harming other organisms May not behave as the would if they had been raised in the wild
84
How do seedbanks contribute to scientific research?
How plant species have been successfully grown from seeds Used to grow endangered species for use in medical research
85
How can zoos contribute to scientific research?
Increases knowledge about behaviour physiology and nutritional needs of animals Carry out research that’s not possible in the wild
86
What are the assumptions of the hardy Weinberg principle?
Population size is infinite There are no mutations migration or emigration There is no selective pressure
87
Why is the index of diversity a better measurement than species richness?
It takes into account both the number of species and their relative abundance
88
What’s the definition of species richness?
Number of species in a habitat or community

Biology Topic 4 (2 decks)

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