Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology > Biodiversity > Flashcards

Biodiversity Flashcards

(58 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Define habitat biodiversity

A

The number of different habitats found within an area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define species biodiversity

A

The number of different species in an ecosystem, and the evenness of abundance across the different species present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define genetic biodiversity

A

The variety of genes that makeup a species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define species richness

A

The number of different species living in a particular area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Order these from lowest to highest habitat biodiversity: sand dunes, woodland, meadows, streams

A

Sand dunes < Meadows < Woodland < Streams

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define species evenness

A

The relative abundance of different species living in a habitat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Different ____ within a
species have ____ genetic biodiversity

A

Different breeds within a
species have high genetic biodiversity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

__________ causes low genetic biodiversity

A

Inbreeding causes low genetic biodiversity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Outline random sampling

A
  • Choose an area.
  • Randomly generate coordinates across the area
  • Collect samples from random coordinates
  • Repeat this several times
  • Analyse the data collected
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Advantages of random sampling

A
  • Data not biased
  • Covers large areas
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is sampling bias and how is it reduced?

A

Deliberately or accidentally choosing a sample area.
Reduced by random sampling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is chance and how is it reduced?

A

Organisms selected may not be represantative of population
This is reduced by a large sample size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why is sampling important?

A

It’s impractical to count all individuals across entire habitats so it allows a population to be investigated easily
Sampling is conducted for EIA to look at the effect of a specific factor over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the three types of non-random sampling?

A

opportunistic, stratified and systematic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Outline opportunity sampling

A

This uses conveniently available organisms.
It may not be representative of the population.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Outline systematic sampling

A

This takes samples at fixed intervals across a habitat to avoid bias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Outline stratified sampling

A

This divides the population into subgroups (strata) based on a characteristic.
A random sample is taken from eachsubgroup/stratum.
The number of samples taken in each stratum is proportional to the size of the stratum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the two types of transect sampling

A

Line transect - Samples are taken at regular intervals along a line between two points.
Belt transect - Samples are taken in an area along a line or between two parallel lines, by using quadrats placed either side by side (continuous) or at regular intervals (interrupted).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Name 4 sampling techniques

A

quadrats, sweep nets, pitfall
traps and pooters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Explain what the two types of quadrats are

A

Frame quadrat - This is a square frame divided into a grid. The type and number of species within each section of the quadrat is recorded.

Point quadrat- This is a frame with a horizontal bar, through which pins are pushed at set intervals to touch the ground. Each species the pin touches is recorded

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Outline pooters in sampling

A

Pooter - This samples small insects by sucking air containing the insects into a plastic container via a tube.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Outline sweep nets for sampling

A

Sweep net - This samples insects in long grass or air, where the net is swept in a ‘figure of eight’ motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Outline pit fall traps for sampling and explain method for setting up

A

Pitfall trap - This samples small, ground-crawling animals like insects and spiders by catching them in a hidden trap

Method
dig hole and place container in soil ✓
make top of container level with soil level ✓
cover to protect from, rain / scavengers ✓
leave overnight ✓
identify / count, (named) invertebrates ✓
sample both areas, randomly / at 5(+) sites ✓

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does a high D for simpson’s index of diversity mean

Study These Flashcards
A

high levels of biodiversity

25
How can genetic biodiversity be assessed
By calculating the percentage of gene variants (alleles) in a genome within isolated populations
26
What is a polymorphic gene
A polymorphic gene is when a gene locus has multiple alleles
27
What is a monomorphic gene
A monomorphic gene is one where a single allele exists, keeping the basic structure of individuals in a species consistent
28
What does a higher proportion of polymorphic gene loci indicate?
a higher proportion of polymorphic gene loci means there is a greater genetic diversity
29
proportion of polymorphic gene loci =
number of polymorphic gene loci/ total number of loci
30
What factors reduce genetic biodiversity?
* Captive breeding * Rare breeds * Selective breeding
31
Which 3 factors affect biodiversity?
human population growth, agriculture (monoculture) and climate change
32
Explain how human population growth contributes to the decline in biodiversity
* Need for more agricultural land / housing * Destroys habitats * More waste produced * More pollution produced * Damaging ecosystems
33
Explain how agriculture contributes to the decline in biodiversity
* Agricultural land has monoculture / lower biodiversity * Loss of older / wild type strains * Reduced genetic diversity * Subject to disease * Inability to adapt to changing conditions * Altering habitats * Pesticide use * Use of fertiliser * Nitrate pollution * Converting woodland and hedgerows into fields * Filling in ponds, draining marshes, over-grazing of land
34
Explain how climate change contributes to the decline in biodiversity
* Warmer / drier climate * Modern strains/species not adapted * Migration may not be possible * Rise in sea level reduces land area * More frequent flooding affects terrestrial ecosystems
35
What are the three reasons for maintaining biodiversity
* Ecological: protecting keystone species (interdependence of organisms) and maintaining genetic resource. * Economic: reducing soil depletion (continuous monoculture). * Aesthetic: protecting landscapes
36
What are ecological reasons for maintaining biodiversity
1. protecting keystone species 2. Mainintaining interdependence of organisms 3. maintaining genetic resources * Food webs rely on multiple species, so declines in certain species can disrupt food chains. * Losing keystone species destablise ecosystem * Nutrient cycles depend on decomposers recycling matter through ecosystems. * Provides resilience to a changing climate, other abiotic stresses, and disease.
37
What are economic reasons for maintaing biodiversity
* Medicines orignate from plants and fungi * Ecotourism a major source of income for many countries * Ecosystems have also made major contributions to the field of science and technology e.g. in gene sequencing
38
What are aesthetic reasons for maintaing biodiversity
* Humans find great joy and pleasure in the beauty of nature * It provides inspiration for creatives such as photographers, poets, musicians and artists
39
Define in situ conservation
Carrying out active management to maintain the biodiversity in the natural environment
40
What are examples of in situ conservation?
* marine conservation zones * wildlife reserves
41
Advantages of in situ conservation
* Organimsms remain in natural environment * Permenantly protects biodiversity * Representative examples of ecosystem * Maintains ecological integrity * Opportunities for ecologically sustainable land uses * Facilitates scientific research * Restores ecological integrity
42
What is the role of marine conservation zones
Protecting endagered marine species through restrictions Raising awarness for organisms
43
What is the role of wildlife reserves
Protecting endagered plant and animal species through regulations Increasing public engagement in conservation
44
What active management techniques are used in wildlife reserves
* Controlled grazing through area, time or number of animals * Restricting human access * Controlling poaching e.g. through defenses * Feeding animals * Reintroduction of species * Culling or removing an invasive species * Halting succession (the changing of a landscape over time to a mature population e.g. moorland will become woodland)
45
What are disadvantages of in situ conservation?
* Population may have already lost a lot of genetic diversity * Harmful conditions that caused issue are still present * A 'honeypot' location to poachers and ecotourists * Endagered habitats may be fragmented and each small area may not be large enough to recover
46
Define ex situ conservation
Conservation outside the normal habitat of the species
47
What are ex situ conservation examples?
* seed banks * botanic gardens * zoos
48
What is the role of seedbanks
Long-term storage of plant seeds in a temperature controlled environment
49
What is the role of botanic gardens
* Captive breeding programmes for the reintroduction of plant species into the wild * Research * Education
50
What is the role of zoos
* Captive breeding programmes for the reintroduction of healthy animal species into the wild * Captive breeding can be conducted by transporting animals or semen between zoos * Research * Education
51
Difficulties of captive breeding
* Loss of resistance to local diseases in captive-bred populations * Animals need to learn to hunt for food and to mate * May be too genetically different from original population so cannot interbreed * Habitat needs to be restored to all for introduction
52
Advantages of ex situ conservation
* Possible to preserve large amounts of genetic material * Allows for IVF * Practice on domestic species can save endagered species from experimental work
53
Disadvantages of ex situ conservation
* Captive breeding is expensive * Space is limited so number of species is limited, reducing genetic diversity and causing a lack of variation * Species less able to adapt * May not survive reintroduction to the wild * May not be accepted in a zoo
54
Name examples of conservation agreements
* Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) * the Rio Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) * the Countryside Stewardship Scheme (CSS)
55
What is the Rio Convention on biological diversity
* Conservation of biodiversity * Promotes sustainable practices * Shared access to genetic resources e.g. seedbanks * Shared access to scientific knowledge * Promote ex situ conservation
56
What is Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES)
* Makes trading endangered species internationally illegal * Prohibits trade of wild plant and animals and their products (like furs, skins, and ivory) through licensing requirements * Ensure trade does not endager wild populations
57
What is the countryside stewardship scheme (CSS)
* Operated in England Aimed to: * sustain the beauty and diversity of landscapes * improve wildlife habitats * restore neglected land * conserve historic features * improve opportunities for countriside enjoyment
58
What makes a species a keystone species
* have significant effect on ecosystem * many other species rely on activity of them

Biology (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions