biodiversity

Question 1

What is the difference between habitat biodiversity species biodiversity and genetic biodiversity

Answer 1

Habitat diversity is the variety of different habitats in an area
species diversity is the variety of species in an area
genetic diversity is the variety of different alleles in a population in one species

Question 2

What a species richness versus species evenness

Answer 2

Species richness is the number of different species in an area
species evenness is how many of each species is present

Question 3

What is an allele?

Answer 3

a variation of a gene

Question 4

What is an anatomical adaptation?

Answer 4

An anatomical adaptation is a physical feature that enhances survival.

Question 5

What is a behavioural adaptation?

Answer 5

A behavioural adaptation is a change in behavior that improves survival.

Question 6

What is a physiological adaptation?

Answer 6

A physiological adaptation is a functional change in an organism’s processes.

Question 7

What is a gene?

Answer 7

A gene is a segment of DNA that codes for a specific trait.

Question 8

What is a community in ecology?

Answer 8

A community is a group of different species living in the same area.

Question 9

What is a gene pool?

Answer 9

A gene pool is the total collection of genes in a population.

Question 10

What is a genotype?

Answer 10

A genotype is the genetic makeup of an organism.

Question 11

What is a phenotype?

Answer 11

A phenotype is the observable characteristics of an organism.

Question 12

What is a habitat?

Answer 12

A habitat is the natural environment where an organism lives.

Question 13

What is a kingdom in biological classification?

Answer 13

A kingdom is a high-level taxonomic category that groups organisms.

Question 14

What is a niche?

Answer 14

A niche is the role or function of an organism within its environment.

Question 15

What is a species?

Answer 15

A species is a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.

Question 16

What is a Pittfall trap?

Answer 16

A Pittfall trap is used to capture small nocturnal Animals or insects in a container in the ground that they fall into with a lid in top so we don’t drown them with rainfall

Question 17

What is a Light trap?

Answer 17

A Light trap is a device that attracts insects using light, often used for collecting nocturnal flying species.

Question 18

What is a Tullgren funnel?

Answer 18

A Tullgren funnel is a device used to extract small organisms from soil or leaf litter by using heat and light to encourage them to move downwards into a collection container to be counted.

Question 19

What is Mark and Recapture?

Answer 19

Mark and Recapture is a method used in ecology to estimate an animal population’s size by capturing, marking (so we don’t count them again) and releasing individuals, then recapturing them later.

Question 20

What are point frames and quadrats?

Answer 20

Point frames (We see how many pins touch a certain Organism) and quadrats (We count the organisms/percentage cover in each quadrant square) are tools used to sample and estimate the abundance of stationary organisms in a specific area.

Question 21

What are pooters?

Answer 21

Pooters are devices used to collect small insects by sucking them into a container using two tube.

Question 22

What is sweep netting?

Answer 22

method of collecting insects by sweeping a net through a field to capture them to then count them.

Question 23

What is tree sampling?

Answer 23

Tree sampling involves assessing the characteristics and abundance of organisms in trees in an area by shaking the tree.

Question 24

what is How to draw kite diagrams

Answer 24

It’s a graph that represents the distribution of species found along a transect line
Half the data and plot above and below the X axis

Question 25

How do we ensure data collected is representative of the whole habitat

Answer 25

- Collect as many repeat as possible in the time allocated to minimise effect of anomalous data on the mean - Measurements should be taken at random locations in the habitat to avoid bias

Question 26

what are the different ways of sampling data

Answer 26

Random sampling - using a random number generator to get coordinates of the area Systematic sampling eg line/belt transit record - what touches/ is in the transact at specific distances each time Opportunistic - when the investigator chooses the samples that matches the hypothesis Stratified sampling - Gathering a proportional number of samples per area to represent size of each strata

Question 27

when and how would we use a bar chart or a histogram

Answer 27

- Bar charts Offer qualitative data and discrete quantitative data, the bar are the same width and have a gap between them - Histograms offer continuous quantitative data with deferring widths of the bars and bars touching as its continuous

Question 29

Prokaryote

Answer 29

prokaryotic, unicellular (single-celled), no nucleus, less than 5 pm Eg bacteria

Question 30

Protoctista

Answer 30

eukaryotic cells, usually live in water, single-celled or simple multicellular organisms Eg algae, Protozoa

Question 31

Fungi

Answer 31

eukaryotic, chitin cell wall, saprotrophic digestion (absorb substances from dead or decaying organisms), single-celled or multicellular organisms Eg moulds, yeasts, mushrooms

Question 32

Plantae

Answer 32

eukaryotic, multicellular, cell walls made of cellulose, can photosynthesise, contain chlorophyll, autotrophic (produce their own food eg mosses, ferns, flowering plants

Question 33

Animalia

Answer 33

eukaryotic, multicellular, no cell walls, heterotrophic (consume plants and animals) Eg nematodes (roundworms), molluscs, insects, fish, reptiles, birds, mammals

Question 34

What is taxonomy

Answer 34

The study of classification

Question 35

what is CITES - INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENT

Answer 35

Convention on International Trade on Endangered Species (1973) - regulates/prevents trade in specific animal/plant products (e.g. illegal to trade leopard skins) - makes sure trade doesn't put wild populations at risk - bans trade in wild plants but allow trade of artificially propagated plants - allows trade of less endangered species but by licence/permit only - raises awareness through education - The IUCN (International Union of the Conservation of Nature) assists in securing international cooperation - It publishes a 'Red List' which shares updates on the status of threatened species.

Question 36

what is CBD - INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENT

Answer 36

Convention on Biological Diversity aka The Rio Convention (1992) - ensures international cooperation in relation to preserving biodiversity - promotes sustainable practices to secure food, medicines, fresh air and water, shelter for all - advises governments on how best to conserve certain habitats or species

Question 37

CSS - LOCAL AGREEMENT

Answer 37

Countryside Stewardship Scheme (1991-2014) - conserves wildlife biodiversity - improves and creates wildlife habitats e.g. regenerating hedgerows and meadows by paying landowners not to cut them back - increases countryside enjoyment

Question 38

UNFCCC and UNCCD

Answer 38

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification UNFCCC - stabilising global greenhouse gas concentrations UNCCD - to prevent fertile land becoming desertified and reduce the impact of drought

Question 39

SSSIs

Answer 39

Sites of Special Scientific Interest (1949) - protects specific habitats from the impact of human activities - studies specific ecosystems and the threatened species within - eg Studland, Hengistbury Head - An example of in situ conservation

Question 40

Seed banks advantages as opposed to storing adult plants

Answer 40

- Cheaper - just need to store/transport a small seed, not a whole adult plant. Can store more. - Easier to protect from diseases & pests/predators - Time - seeds can be viable/preserved for longer period of time (dormant) - Can collect without damaging natural habitat - Can control reproduction (selective breeding) - eg Kew Gardens - An example of ex situ conservation

Question 41

Explain how individuals are selected for Captive breeding programmes And why they may not be released in the wild

Answer 41

individuals are selected: - Healthy - free of disease - Not related and genetically diverse - Age - sexually mature Reasons some may not be released in the wild include: - A lack of immunity from wild diseases - May have become dependent on humans eg cannot hunt, comfortable with human presence - Genetic diversity - needs to be similar to wild population for successful breeding - Habitat destruction and impact of their release on a delicate ecosystem (competition) - An example of ex situ conservation

Question 42

what is MCZs

Answer 42

Marine Conservation Zones (2007) - protects marine habitats from the impact of human activities - eg Torbay, Poole Harbour - An example of in situ conservation

Question 43

What do Wildlife reserves do

Answer 43

- Controlling grazing - allow habitat to recover - Restricting human access to limit trampling - Controlling poaching - Supporting animals by feeding them - Species reintroduction - Culling invasive species ethically - Preventing natural succession - An example of in situ conservation

Question 44

What do the botanic gardens do and why are they valuable

Answer 44

- Providing to necessary soil nutrients and growing conditions e.g. water volume - Control or removal of pests - Control of disease - Grow exotic or rare plants which cannot grow in the wild due to habitat destruction. - Good for scientific research or reintroduction. - Good as a genetic resource for future medical research - An example of ex situ conservation

Question 45

What are the benefits of agriculture to biodiversity

Answer 45

- Source of food - source of plants varieties for selective breeding eg to be disease resistant or pest resistant - to breed wanted characteristics eg high protein content - quicker growth