biodiversity Flashcards
(178 cards)
1
Q
species
A
all organisms capable of breeding freely with eachother under natural conditiobs
2
Q
hybridization
A
the cross-breeding of two different species
3
Q
morphology
A
the physical appearance and characteristics of an organism; also the science of the study of these physical characteristics
4
Q
evolutionary change
A
a change that occurs in an entite population; usually occurs over a long period of time
5
Q
genetic diversity
A
the genetic variability among organisms; usually referring to individuals of the same species
6
Q
heterotroph
A
an organism that obtains energy-rich nutrients by consuming living or dead organisms
7
Q
autotroph
A
an organism that uses sources of energy to profuce nutrients from water, gases and or minerals
8
Q
species diversity
A
a measure of diversity undo takes into account the quantity of each species present as well as the variety of different species present
9
Q
structural diversity
A
the range of physical shapes and sizes within a habitat or ecosystem
10
Q
Species interactions: food supply
A
boneworms feed exclusively of bones of dead whales
11
Q
interaction : reproduction
A
tree cavities made by woodpeckers for their own nests
12
Q
interaction: protection
A
certain species of ants live within the trunks of cecropia trees
13
Q
interaction: hygiene
A
large fish come to have external parasites removed by small fish and shrimp
14
Q
interaction: transportation
A
many seeds have hooks that allow them to stick to passing animals
15
Q
interaction: transportation
A
many seeds have hooks that allow them to stick to passing animals
16
Q
interaction: digestion
A
backteria living in the large intestines of humans
17
Q
4 ways loss of biodiversity affects humans
A
- threatens food supply when wntire species or plant varieties are lost
- eliminates sources of natural medicines
- economic impact on tourism
- can disrupt biogeochemical cycles including carbon intake by natural ecosystems
18
Q
biological classification
A
the systematic grouping of organisms into biological categories based on physical and evolutionary relationships
19
Q
taxonomy
A
the sciene of classifying all organims, taxonomists classify both living and fossil species
20
Q
botanist
A
plant specialist
21
Q
genus
A
taxonomic level consisting of similar species
22
Q
binomial nomenclature
A
the formal system of naming species whereby each species is assigned a genus name followed by a specific name, the two words taken together form the species name. remember to underline on exam
23
Q
taxon
A
category used to classify organisms
24
Q
kingdom
A
highest taxonomic level in tradition linnean system
25
who the father of taxonomy
carl linnaeus
26
taxonomic order
king phillip came over from great spain
kingdom phylum class order family genus species
27
dichotomus keys
a series of branching, two part statements used to identify organisms
28
evolution
the scientific theory that describes changes in species over time and their dhared ancestry
29
phylogeny
the study between evolutionary relatedness between, and among, species
30
phylogenetic tree
a diagram depicting evolutionary relatedness among species
31
clade
taxonomic group that includes single common ancestor snd all its descendants
32
compare and contrast tradition taxonomy with phylogeny
Traditional taxonomy classifies organisms based on physical characteristics and observable traits, such as structure and appearance. In contrast, phylogeny focuses on evolutionary relationships, using genetic data and ancestry to group organisms based on common descent. While traditional taxonomy can sometimes group unrelated species together due to similar features, phylogeny aims to reflect true evolutionary history.
33
who proposed DNA barcoding
paul herbert
34
prokaryote
single celled organism that does not contain membrane bound organnelles
35
eukaryote
organism that contains organnelles. mainly multicellular but can be single celled
36
6 kingdoms
eubacteria
archaea
protista
fungi
plants
animals
37
characteristics of eubacteria
prokaryotic
variable in shapes and sizes
all can reproduce asexually
example: e coli
38
archaea characteristics
prokaryotic
very small
some colonize very extreme environments and some live in digestive track of mammals
all can reproduce asexually
example: extreme thermophiles
39
protista characteristics
eukaryotic
cells have extreme diversity in cellular structure
some have chloroplasts
can be heterotrophic or photosynthetic
variable forms of movement
asexual and sexual reproduction
ex: amoeba
40
fungi characteristics
eukaryotic
cell wall made of chitin
heterotrophic
reproduce sexually and asexually
multicellular mostly
ex: mushrooms
41
plants characteristics
eukaryotic
multicellular
cell wall made of cellulose
photosynthetic and autotrophic
reproduce sexually and asexually
have chlorplast
ex: mosses, ferns, conifers
42
animals characteristcs
eukaryotic
heterotrophic
no cell wall
most reproduce sexually
43
domain
the highest taxonomic level: there are three domains: eubacteria, archaea, eukaryotes
44
pathogen
disease causing agent, often a virus or microorganism
45
bacterial diseases examples
cholera, leprosy, typhoid, salmonella, strep throat, tuberculosis
46
how can bacteria be helpful to environment?
some are decomposers and others are producers (mainly in marine ecosystems and produce oxygen)
they are vital to biogeochemical cycles(nitrogen fixing bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into chemical compounds that can be used by plants)
bacteria in intestines produce vitamin k and b12
bacteria produce antibiotics
bacteria are essential in cheese yogurt chocolate
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mutualism
relationship between two species that live in very close association with eachother, and both benefit
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antibiotic
a substance that can kill or weaken micro-organisms; natural antibiotics are produced by bacteria or fungi
49
proteobacteria
photosynthetic but different from plants
nitrogen fixing
diseases such as gonorrhea
50
green bacteria
found in salt water
also photosynthetic but different from plants
51
cyanobacteria(blue green algae)
photosynthetic and similar to plants
producers and nitrogen fixers in aquatic environments
form symbiotic relationships with fungi
52
gram positive bacteria
cause diseases like strep throat, pneumonia
used in food production like yogurt
53
spirochetes
spiral chaped( move like corkscrew)
in termites intestines to help digest wood
54
chlamydias
parasites that live in other cells
cause chlamydia STD
55
plasmid
small loop of dna found in prokaryotic cells, contains some genes
56
capsule
outer layer on some bacteria for protection
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coccus
round bacterial cell
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bacillus
rod shaped bacterial crll
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spirillum
spiral chaped bacterial cell
60
obligate aerobe
organism that needs oxygen
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faculatative aerobe
can survive with ir without oxygen
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obligate anaerobe
cant survive in presence of oxygen
63
fermentation
anaerobic process that releases chemical energy from food
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binary fission
asexual : division if one parent cell into two genetically idential daughter cells
65
conjugation
secxual reproduction where two cells join and exchange genetic information
66
transformation
process where bacterial cell fakes in and uses pieces of dna from its environment
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horizontal gene transfer
transfer of genetic information from one species into a different species
68
endospore
a dormant structure that forms inside certain bacteria in respons to stress; protects the cell's chromosome from damage
69
how can bacteria become antibiotic resistant?
the ones that are resistant are more likely to survive when exposed to antibiotics and will make up most of the population and their offspring will also become antibiotic resistant.
70
4 types of archaea
methanogens- live in low oxygen environments and some live in human intestines.
halophiles- live in salty ecosystems
exyreme thermophiles- live in very hot temperatures. optimal range 70-95 degrees
psycrophiles- live in extreme cold. optimal range -10--25 degree
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virus
small infectious particle containing genetic material
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capsid
protein coat that surrounds dna or rna of virus
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RNA(ribonucleic accid)
genetic info that has instructions for sysnthesiszing protein
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epidemic
outbreak in a limited region
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pandemic
global epidemic
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why are viruses considered non-living?
they do not have a metabolism and cannot reproduce on their own. they can only reproduce through a living host cell
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bacteriophage
virus that infects bacteria
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lysis
the rupturing of a cell; can occur when newly made viruses are released from a host cell
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lysogeny
a state of dormancy in which viral dna may remain within a host cell's chromosome for many cell cycle generations
80
transduction
a type of gene transfer in which a virus transfers DNA from one bacterium to another
81
explain the 3 key parts of the infectious cycle
1. the virus binds to the surface of a host cell and inserte its DNA into the cytoplasm
2. when the viral DNA becomes active it separates from bacterial chrmosome and enters lytic cycle where it takes over the crll snd assembles new viral DNA and capsids
3. lysis occurs and the host cell bursts
82
how can a virus reoccur in the body
a virus can reoccur due to the lysogenic and lytic infectious cycles. in the lysogenic cycle, the virus inserts its DNA into the host cell and remains dormant. it coukd be dormant for days months or years. eventually, an enviromental change like stress causes it to enter the lytic cycle where the virus activates, ruptures the host cell, and affects nearby surroundings causing symptoms. these infections do go away with time, but can later reoccur when another dormant virus gets activated. there will be so many dormant viruses in the body as they replicate with the DNA each time the bacterium divides.
83
how do vaccines work?
vaccines work by training your immune system to fight specific viruses. a weaker form of the virus or pathogen is injected into the body, and the immune system responds by creating antibodies and a form of chemical memory that allows the immune system to recognize and react quickly if it ever comes in contact with the real virus. vaccines are very important as they have saved countless lives. ex: smallpox was very dangerous now it is completely eradicated as everyone is vaccinated
84
gene therapy
a method of treating disease in which genes are introduced into cells to replace, supplemetn, or repair a defective gene
85
3 applicatiojs if tech with viruses
1. use a virus capsule to deliver a drug
2. use virus to insert new cooy of a gene
3. use a virus to insert gene taken from one species into anither
86
viroid
small infectious piece of RNA responsible for diseases in plants.
87
prion
abnormally shaped infectious protein responsible for brain diseases. ex: mad cow disease, creutzfeldr jakob disease(CJD)
88
what protist causes malaria
plasmodium
89
protist main importance
protists that do photosynthesis are major producers in oceans. non photosynthetic protists are important consumers at microscopic level
food: sushi made if nori which us a seaweed. agar and carageenan are other food additives
seaweed used in toothpaste and paintd as well
90
what two organnelles are descendants of ansestral protists
mitochondria and choloroplast
91
endosymbiosis
a relationship in which a single celled organism lives within the cells of another organism
92
What is the energy source for euglenoids?
autotrophs, photosynthetic
## Footnote
Euglenoids utilize photosynthesis as their primary energy source.
93
What are the key features of euglenoids?
* They are unicellular.
* They usually have two flagella for moving.
* Their outer surface covering consists of stiff proteins.
## Footnote
These features help euglenoids adapt to their environments.
94
What type of organisms are ciliates?
heterotrophs
## Footnote
Ciliates obtain their energy by consuming other organisms.
95
List the key features of ciliates.
* They are unicellular.
* They have very complex internal structures.
* They have many cilia and no cell walls.
## Footnote
Cilia help ciliates with movement and feeding.
96
What is the energy source for apicomplexa?
heterotrophs
## Footnote
Apicomplexa are primarily parasites and obtain nutrients from their hosts.
97
What are the key features of apicomplexa?
* They are unicellular.
* They have no cell wall.
* All are parasites of animals.
## Footnote
Their parasitic nature is a defining characteristic.
98
What is the energy source for diatoms?
autotrophs, photosynthetic
## Footnote
Diatoms use photosynthesis and are important producers in aquatic ecosystems.
99
List the key features of diatoms.
* They are unicellular.
* They move by gliding.
* They are covered by glass-like silica shells.
* Some have hard outer skeletons.
## Footnote
The silica shells provide protection and structural support.
100
What type of organisms are amoebas?
heterotrophs
## Footnote
Amoebas consume other organisms for energy.
101
What are the key features of amoebas?
* They move by extensions of the cytoplasm called pseudopods.
* Their life cycles have unicellular stages and multicellular stages.
## Footnote
Pseudopods assist in movement and capturing food.
102
What is the energy source for slime moulds?
heterotrophs
## Footnote
Slime moulds feed on decaying organic matter and microorganisms.
103
List the key features of slime moulds.
* They move with flagella or pseudopods.
* Almost all are multicellular.
* They have no cilia or flagella.
* Their cell walls are made of cellulose.
## Footnote
Their structure and movement vary significantly from other protist groups.
104
What is the energy source for red algae?
autotrophs, photosynthetic
## Footnote
Red algae are primarily found in marine environments and contribute to coral reef ecosystems.
105
List the key features of red algae.
* They are multicellular.
* They have no cilia or flagella.
## Footnote
Their lack of cilia and flagella distinguishes them from many other protists.
106
why is there no typical protist
protists vary in all shapes and sizes. the only similarity they share is that they are not animals plants or fungi. their cells have different shape, they have different forms of movement (flagella, pseudopods), and different ways of reproducing (asexual, sexual) some are autotrophic/photosynthetic (red algae) while others are heterotrophic (amoeba)
107
What role do gas 'bladders' play in algae?
They allow algae to float to the surface for more light
## Footnote
This adaptation helps them in photosynthesis.
108
What are phytoplankton and their significance?
Microscopic algae that live in marine environments and produce about half of Earth's oxygen
## Footnote
They are key to marine ecosystems.
109
What is the estimated annual decline rate of phytoplankton populations?
1% each year
## Footnote
This decline is likely due to warming ocean temperatures.
110
What roles do protists play in ecosystems?
Producers or consumers
## Footnote
They are essential for energy production and food webs.
111
How is climate change affecting protists?
It causes rising ocean temperatures and increased water acidity
## Footnote
This can interfere with protists' ability to produce protective shells.
112
What happens to corals under stress from pollution or warm water?
Zooxanthellae lose their chlorophyll and corals become bleached
## Footnote
Prolonged conditions lead to coral death.
113
How do single-celled protists reproduce asexually?
Through binary fission
## Footnote
The cell divides into two genetically identical daughter cells.
114
What is the process of conjugation in protists?
Cells align and exchange genetic material
## Footnote
This is a form of sexual reproduction.
115
What is a zygote?
A cell produced by the fusion of two gametes
## Footnote
It is diploid, containing two copies of each chromosome.
116
Define haploid.
A cell containing half the usual complement of chromosomes (n)
## Footnote
This is relevant in sexual reproduction.
117
Define diploid.
A cell containing two copies of each chromosome (2n)
## Footnote
This occurs after the fusion of gametes.
118
How do multicellular protists reproduce?
They have more complex life cycles involving sexual reproduction
## Footnote
This involves various mechanisms beyond binary fission.
119
What is the diploid stage in the life cycle of brown algae?
The diploid stage is represented by the sporophyte, which produces and releases single-celled haploid spores.
120
What is the haploid stage in the life cycle of brown algae?
The haploid stage is represented by the gametophyte, which grows from haploid spores and produces haploid sperm and eggs.
121
What type of life cycle do brown algae exhibit?
Brown algae exhibit a life cycle called alternation of generations.
122
Define a sporophyte.
A sporophyte is a diploid organism that produces haploid spores in an alternation of generations life cycle.
123
Define a spore.
A spore is a haploid reproductive structure; usually a single cell; capable of growing into a new individual.
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Define a gametophyte.
A gametophyte is a haploid organism that produces haploid sex cells in an alternation of generations life cycle.
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What is alternation of generations?
Alternation of generations is a life cycle in which diploid individuals produce spores that create haploid individuals; the haploid individuals reproduce sexually, producing sporophyte individuals and completing the cycle.
126
True or False: In species that exhibit alternation of generations, both asexual and sexual reproduction are needed to complete a full life cycle.
True
127
How does hydra reproduce asexually?
Hydra reproduces asexually by forming buds that grow into adult hydras resembling the original parent organism.
128
What happens when a hydra reproduces sexually?
A fertilized egg grows into an adult hydra that resembles the original adult.
129
Fill in the blank: The large brown alga is a _______ that produces and releases single-celled haploid spores.
sporophyte
130
why are fungi important?
major decomposers
form symbiotic relationships with plants(mychorriza)
antibiotics such as cyclosporin and penicillin
food: mushrooms, yeast for bread
alcohol: fungi ferments grapes and grains
diseases such as athelte's foot
causes rotting in infrastructure
drugs: shrooms
131
fungi main characteristics
heterotrophic
eukaryotic
made of hyphae
asexual and sexual reproduction
132
What is the only phylum of fungi with swimming spores?
Chytridiomycota (chytrids)
## Footnote
Chytrids are unique among fungi due to their motile spores.
133
What are the key features of Zygomycota?
* Most are saprophytes
* Can be single-celled or multicellular
* Include familiar bread and fruit moulds
* Most are soil fungi
* Many are used commercially
* Many are parasites of insects
## Footnote
Zygomycota are known for their role in decomposition and some are economically important.
134
What symbiotic relationship do Glomeromycota form?
They form symbiotic relationships with plant roots
## Footnote
This relationship is crucial for nutrient exchange in many ecosystems.
135
Name a notable use of Ascomycota.
Many, such as yeast, are useful to humans
## Footnote
Yeasts are widely used in baking and fermentation processes.
136
What is a serious consequence of some Ascomycota species?
Some cause serious plant diseases
## Footnote
These diseases can have significant agricultural impacts.
137
What types of fungi are included in Basidiomycota?
* Mushrooms
* Puffballs
* Bracket fungi
## Footnote
Basidiomycota are important decomposers in ecosystems.
138
What is the primary ecological role of most Basidiomycota?
Most are decomposers
## Footnote
They play a vital role in breaking down organic matter.
139
Fill in the blank: The phylum that includes some familiar bread and fruit moulds is _______.
Zygomycota
140
True or False: All Chytridiomycota are multicellular.
False
## Footnote
Chytridiomycota can be single-celled or multicellular.
141
What is a common characteristic of Glomeromycota?
All form symbiotic relationships with plant roots
## Footnote
This mutualistic relationship helps plants absorb nutrients.
142
mycelium
a branched mass of hyphae
143
hypha
thin filament that makes up bidy of fungus
144
what is fungi cell wall made of
chitin
145
146
dikaryotic
containing two separate nuclei
147
meisois
a form of cell division in which a single cell gies rise to four haploid daugther cells
148
What is the primary role of leaf-cutter ants in their ecosystem?
They are the world's first farmers, using leaves to grow fungus in underground gardens.
## Footnote
Leaf-cutter ants gather leaves to cultivate fungus, which they consume.
149
Define mycorrhiza.
A symbiotic relationship between a fungus and a plant root.
## Footnote
Mycorrhizae are crucial for nutrient exchange between fungi and plants.
150
What do mycorrhizal fungi provide to plants?
Water and mineral nutrients such as phosphorus or copper.
## Footnote
In exchange, plants provide fungi with energy-rich food molecules.
151
What is the significance of lichens in ecological succession?
They are often the first organisms to begin the process because they can grow on bare rock.
## Footnote
Lichens help form soil by breaking down rock.
152
How do leaf-cutter ants protect their fungus gardens from contamination?
They have colonies of bacteria growing on their bodies that produce chemicals to kill other fungi.
## Footnote
This adaptation allows them to maintain a healthy fungus garden.
153
What percentage of all plant species are involved in mycorrhiza relationships?
More than 80%.
## Footnote
This demonstrates the widespread importance of mycorrhizal relationships in ecosystems.
154
What are some human diseases caused by fungi?
Mild athlete's foot, ringworm infections, and aspergillosis.
## Footnote
Fungal infections can range from mild to potentially deadly.
155
Fill in the blank: Fungi that feed on living organisms can cause a variety of _______.
[human diseases].
156
What is a notable effect of a fungus that infects wheat and rye?
It produces a potent toxin that can cause hallucinations, convulsions, and paralysis.
## Footnote
This toxin is similar to that found in the drug LSD.
157
What kind of chemical does a fungus that feeds on peanuts produce?
A chemical with the potential to cause cancer.
## Footnote
This highlights the dangers posed by certain fungi to crops and human health.
158
cuticle
a waterproof waxy coating produced by the epidermis of plants
159
stoma
a snall opening in the epidermis of s plant that allows gas exchange
160
a small seedless plant that lacks vascualar tissue
bryophyte
161
lyctophytes and ptyerophytes
seedless vascular plants. mosses are lyctophytes and ferns are ptyerophytes
162
gymnosperm
vascular plant that produces seeds in cones
163
pollen
grains that contain haploid male gametophytes
164
ovule
contains female gametophyte
165
seed
plant structure that contains embryo
166
cone
reproductive structure in a conifer (gymnosperm)
167
angiosperm
produces flowers, largest group of plants
168
flower
specialized reproductive structure of angiosperm. produces pollen or ovules.
169
mature ovary of an angiosperm which contains seeds
fruit
170
main function of fruit
disperse seeds
171
protosome
mouth forms before anus in embryonuc development
172
deuterostome
anus forms before mouth
173
vertebrwte
animal with backbone
174
notochord
flexible rod in chordates, most modern chordates have vertebrate
175
invertebrate
no backbone. mose species like this
176
invertebrates groups
arthropoda (insects, spiders, crabs)
nematoda(round worms)
annelida(segmented worms)
molluska(snails,clams)
rotifera(rotifers)
platyhelminthes(flatworms)
177
vertebrates group
agnathans(jawless fishes)
chondrichthyes(sharks,rays)
actiniopterygii(common fish ex:trout)
amphibia(frogs, salamanders)
reptilia(snakes, lizards)
aves(birds) can be put in reptilia
mammalia(human, elephant)
178
causes for buodiversity at risk
habitat destruction
pollution
climate change
overexploitation(overfishing, hunting)
invasive species
