Biodiversity

Question 1

biodiversity

Answer 1

a measure of the variation found in the living world

Question 2

habitat

Answer 2

where an organism lives

Question 3

species

Answer 3

a group of organisms that can freely interbreed to produce fertile offspring

Question 4

what biodiversity measures

Answer 4

all the different plant, animal, fungus and other microorganisms worldwide, genes they contain and ecosystems they form

Question 5

habitat biodiversity

Answer 5

the range of habitats in which different species live

Question 6

a species consists of

Answer 6

individual organisms that are very similar in appearance, anatomy, physiology, biochemistry and genetics that can interbreed freely to produce fertile offspring

Question 7

species richness

Answer 7

the number of plant species

Question 8

species evenness

Answer 8

the degree to which the species are represented

Question 9

genetic biodiversity

Answer 9

the variation between individuals belonging to the same species- ensures we don’t all look identical

Question 10

techniques for sampling plants

Answer 10

quadrats, quandrants, point frame, line transect, interrupted/continuous belt transect

Question 11

techniques for sampling animals

Answer 11

observation, sweep netting, sheet under tree, pitfall trap, Tullgren funnel, light trap, Longworth trap, mark and recapture, ringing birds

Question 12

simpsons index of diversity

Answer 12

a measure of the diversity of a habitat taking into account both species richness and evenness

Question 13

calculating genetic diversity involves

Answer 13

calculating the proportion of loci (positions on a gene) in the population that have more than one allele

Question 14

genetic diversity increases when

Answer 14

there is more than 2 alleles at a locus

Question 15

genetic erosion

Answer 15

when an already limited gene pool of an endangered species diminishes even more when individuals of the population die before being able to breed with others in the population

Question 16

human population growth has had effects on our environment as we…

Answer 16

alter ecosystems for food, destroy habitats, use more of Earths resources, pollute the atmosphere

Question 17

reduced genetic diversity through agriculture means…

Answer 17

the species has less capacity to adapt to changing conditions through evolution, may leave isolated populations too small to survive

Question 18

selective breeding causes

Answer 18

genetic erosion and reduces genetic diversity of the species

Question 19

effect of genetic diversity due to climate change

Answer 19

less genetic diversity -> less able to adapt to changes –> slow migration of populations towards poles

Question 20

obstructions to migration

Answer 20

major human developments, agricultural land, large bodies of water, mountain ranges

Question 21

mass-extinction due to

Answer 21

human activity rather than natural climate change/disaster

Question 22

current rate of extinction

Answer 22

100-1000 times the normal rate

Question 23

climate change

Answer 23

significant, long-lasting changes in weather patterns

Question 24

keystone species

Answer 24

a species that has disproportionate effect on its environment

Question 25

intra-specific competition

Answer 25

animals within a species competing for limited resources

Question 26

inter-specific competition

Answer 26

competition between different species for resources

Question 27

parasitic relationships

Answer 27

where one organism lives off another organism

Question 28

mutualistic relationships

Answer 28

when two different species work together in a way beneficial to both

Question 29

conservation in situ

Answer 29

conserving species in their natural habitat

Question 30

aims of conservation in situ

Answer 30

minimise human impact on natural environment, protect natural environment

Question 31

advantages of in situ

Answer 31

permanently protects representative/significant plants/animals/ecosystems/heritage, ensures ecological integrity is maintained, facilitates scientific research, opportunities for sustainable land uses

Question 32

disadvantages of in situ

Answer 32

may already lost much genetic diversity, conditions caused endangerment still present, act as 'honeypot' for poachers/ecotourists

Question 33

conservation ex situ

Answer 33

conservation outside the normal habitat of the species

Question 34

advantages of ex situ

Answer 34

medical assistance, increase genetic diversity by selective breeding, avoid huge effects of natural disasters on pop, more reproductive success

Question 35

disadvantages of ex situ

Answer 35

limited genetic diversity, exposure to disease, struggle with reintroduction, loss of seed viability, behavioural abnormalities

Question 36

convention on international trade in endangered species (CITES)

Answer 36

an international agreement between governments to ensure trade of wildlife specimens doesn't pose threat to their survival

Question 37

countryside stewardship scheme

Answer 37

to encourage farmers/land owners to manage parts of their land that promotes conservation

Question 38

aims of CITES

Answer 38

monitor international trade in selected animals/plants, ensure trade doesn't endanger survival of populations in wild, allow trade of artificially propagated plants, prohibit trade of wild plants for commercial uses, allow for legal trade of less endangered species

Question 39

Rio Convention on Biological Diversity

Answer 39

promote sustainable development and importance of how biological diversity is about people/their need for sources of food/healthy living environ

Question 40

aims of rio convention

Answer 40

ensure genetic resources are appropriately shared and equal sharing of benefits from these, using components sustainably, conservation of biological diversity, sharing of scientific knowledge/technologies

Question 41

international cooperation of zoos, botanic gardens, seed banks

Answer 41

share research/genetic information, specialised breeding programmes, imported animals, reintroduction needs cooperation from origin, seed banks have partner projects worldwide

Question 42

genetic diversity

Answer 42

the genetic variation within a population

Question 43

kick sampling

Answer 43

net held underwater at the bottom of a stream/pond, bed is agitated by kicking to collect animals

Question 44

pitfall trap

Answer 44

set below ground so small invertebrates fall in

Question 45

why a population may have low genetic diversity

Answer 45

a small number of individuals or rare species