Biodiversity

Question 1

Biodiversity

Answer 1

measure of the variation found in the living world

Question 2

Species

Answer 2

individual organisms that are very similar in appearance, anatomy, physiology, biochemistry and genetics. So can interbreed freely to produce fertile offspring.

Question 3

Species Richness

Answer 3

number of plant species

Question 4

Species Evenness

Answer 4

the degree to which species are represented/ how evenly represented the species are (diverse if same amount of each)

Question 5

Random sampling disadvantages

Answer 5

may not cover all areas of the habitat equally, species with low presence may be missed so underestimate biodiversity.

Question 6

What is opportunistic sampling?
what are advantages?
what are disadvantages?

Answer 6

researcher makes sampling decisions based on prior knowledge of which areas contain particular species
easier and quicker than random
biased, large or colourful species may attract researcher, so overestimate

Question 7

What is stratified sampling?
advantages?
disadvantages?

Answer 7

dividing habitat into areas which appear different and sampling each separately.
ensures all different areas are sampled
may over-represent some areas

Question 8

What are types of systematic sampling?
advantages?
disadvantages?

Answer 8

line transects, belt transects
when habitat shows clear gradient in environmental factors like getting drier further from pond
only species on line or within belt are recorded, so underestimate

Question 9

What to be careful with when sampling?

Answer 9

not cause disturbance to habitat

Question 10

What is an interrupted belt transect?

Answer 10

use quadrat at set intervals along line

Question 11

What is a continuous belt transect?

Answer 11

place quadrat beside line and move along line so study band/belt in detail

Question 12

6 ways of catching invertebrates

Answer 12

sweep netting (with stout net, empty on white sheet)

pooter (collect animals before fly away)

knock the branch (white sheet under to catch)

pitfall trap (container in soil, contain little water/scrunched paper, in rain should be sheltered)

tullgren funnel (from leaf litter, light above drives animals down as litter dries/warms, fall through mesh to jar)

light trap (UV light attracts, eventually fall into jar containing alcohol)

Question 13

How to trap small animals

Answer 13

may need license
Longworth trap (human trap, should monitor to release trapped animals)
enables mark-and-recapture technique
total population=no. 1st captured x no. 2nd captured
————————————————–
no. marked captured on 2nd

Question 14

disadvantage of mark-and-recapture technique

Answer 14

animals may learn that trap is harmless and contains food, or may keep away from traps after first capture

Question 15

Locus

Answer 15

the position of an allele (version of a gene) on a chromosome

Question 16

Polymorphic gene locus

Answer 16

a locus that has more than two alleles

Question 17

Simpson's index of diversity takes into account both...
D is..
n is..
N is..
a diverse habitat will have a .. value

Answer 17

species richness and species evenness.
D is the letter for it
n is the number of individuals of a particular species
N is the total number of all individuals
high

Question 18

Isolated populations…

Answer 18

have limited genetic diversity so may need conservation

Question 19

Genetic diversity is found where…

Answer 19

these is more than one allele for a particular locus

Question 20

You can calculate genetic diversity by…

Answer 20

calculating the number of loci in one individual that are heterozygous (contain two different alleles)
or percentage of loci in the population that have more than one allele

Question 21

Monoculture

Answer 21

a crop consisting of one strain of one species

Question 22

How do humans affect biodiversity?

Answer 22

alter ecosystems to provide us with food
destroy habitats
use Earth’s resources
pollute atmosphere

Question 23

What happens when we clear natural vegetation and reduce size of habitats?

Answer 23

It reduces population sizes and so reduces genetic diversity. The species is less able to adapt to changing conditions through evolution.

Question 24

Monoculture is good because… but bad because…

Selective breeding means…

Answer 24

it’s easier to harvest
it has limited genetic diversity
reduction in genetic diversity and other breeds become rare and may die out

Question 25

Genetic erosion is...

Answer 25

reduction of genetic diversity of a species

Question 26

Climate change will cause...

Answer 26

migration to a more suitable environment but there are obstructions to the migration like human development, agricultural land, bodies of water and mountain ranges.

Question 27

Keystone species

Answer 27

has disproportionate effect upon environment relative to its abundance. (has massive effect compared to how much there is of it)

Question 28

Soil depletion

Answer 28

the loss of soil fertility caused by removal of minerals by continuous cropping

Question 29

Why is genetic diversity good for us?

Answer 29

genetic diversity of wild species may lead to pharmaceutical products

Question 30

Economic reasons to maintain biodiversity | What other reason is there?

Answer 30

``` natural ecosystems: regulate atmosphere and climate purify and retain fresh water form and fertilise soil recycle nutrients recycle waste pollinate crops grow timber, food, fuel provide medicines ``` also aesthetic reasons - brings people happiness (scientifically proven)

Question 31

Conservation in situ

Answer 31

carrying out active management to maintain the biodiversity in the natural environment

Question 32

Ways of carrying out conservation in situ

Answer 32

legislation (stop activities like hunting/clearing land) | wildlife reserves

Question 33

3 principles for choosing wildlife reserve

Answer 33

comprehensiveness (how many species in area, what env conditions adequacy (area large enough for long term) representativeness (full range of diversity within species?)

Question 34

advantages of in situ | disadvantages

Answer 34

``` in natural habitat permanent allows management ecologically sustainable land uses - economic benefit research can improve/restore area ``` habitats fragmented, small area not large for survival population may already lost genetic diversity conditions that causes endangered still present area good for poachers and ecotourists who disturb

Question 35

Conservation ex situ | and types

Answer 35

outside normal habitat of species | Zoo, Botanic garden, Seed bank

Question 36

What do zoos do?

Answer 36

breeding endangered species (artificial insemination, IVF, embryo transfer) conduct research that may benefit species (may research on domestic species/common wild species that similar, to spare endangered species from research)

Question 37

10 advantages and 9 disadvantages of ex situ

Answer 37

protected from predators and poaching health monitored, medical assistance populations divided so disaster doesn't kill all genetic diversity measured selective breeding increases genetic diversity increase reproductive success bred to increase numbers research is easier attractions to raise funds for conservation education captive population limit genetic diversity exposed to diseases outside natural habitat nutritional issues difficult to manage animals not behave as normal, reproduction difficult correct env difficult to achieve expensive new have to survive reintroduction to wild reintroduced animals may struggle with acceptance by existing wild members

Question 38

``` How do Botanic Gardens work? plus advantages ( seeds storing breeding wild ```

Answer 38

seeds produced in large numbers and collected form wild without much disturbance stored (without occupying lots space), germinated in protected place plants bred asexually and can very quickly increase no. can replant in wild

Question 39

Botanic Gardens disadvantages (7)

Answer 39

funding (fewer donations) collecting causes some disturbance samples may not have representative level of genetic diversity seeds from one area may be different to others so not succeed in different place stored seeds may not be viable asexual breeding reduces genetic diversity research maybe not valid for whole species

Question 40

How are seeds stored in Seed banks?

Answer 40

dry, freezing conditions | check regularly for viability

Question 41

CITES (The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species)

Answer 41

international agreement to ensure internatinal trade in specimens of wildlife doesn't threaten their survival. stops trade for commercial purposes less endangered species can trade subject to permit

Question 42

Rio Convention on Biological Diversity

Answer 42

sustainable use shared access to genetic resources sharing of scientific knowledge and technologies (improve chance of success) fair sharing of benefits from use of genetic resources

Question 43

The Countryside Stewardship Scheme

Answer 43

encourages landowners to manage land in way that promotes conservation. (funding and advice)